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Inflammatory bowel disease
A pilot feasibility trial of cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia in people with inflammatory bowel disease
  1. Jessica K Salwen-Deremer1,2,
  2. Michael T Smith3,
  3. Kelly A Aschbrenner2,
  4. Hannah G Haskell2,
  5. Brittany C Speed2,
  6. Corey A Siegel1
  1. 1Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
  2. 2Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
  3. 3Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
  1. Correspondence to Dr Jessica K Salwen-Deremer; jessica.k.salwen-deremer{at}hitchcock.org

Abstract

Objective Poor sleep is common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), associated with worse overall disease course and predominantly attributable to insomnia. While cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the recommended first-line treatment for chronic insomnia, it is untested in IBD. It is unclear if CBT-I will be as effective in this group given the extent of night-time symptoms people with IBD experience. Thus, we evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of CBT-I in IBD.

Design We comprehensively assessed sleep in people with mild-to-moderately active IBD using questionnaires, daily diaries and actigraphy. People with significant insomnia symptoms were allocated to a single-arm, uncontrolled pilot feasibility study of gold-standard CBT-I treatment. They were then reassessed post-treatment.

Results 20 participants with IBD completed a baseline assessment. 10 were experiencing insomnia and were allocated to CBT-I. All participants who were offered CBT-I elected to complete it, and all completed 5/5 sessions. Participants rated treatment acceptability highly and daily diary and actigraphy completion rates were >95%. At baseline, participants with insomnia evidenced significantly worse sleep than participants without insomnia. Following CBT-I, participants reported significant improvements in diary and actigraphy measures of sleep continuity, dysfunctional sleep-related beliefs and IBD disease activity.

Conclusion CBT-I was feasible and acceptable and demonstrated a signal for efficacy in the treatment of insomnia in IBD. Importantly, the improvements in sleep continuity were consistent with the extant literature. Future fully powered randomised controlled studies should evaluate whether treatment of insomnia can improve other aspects of IBD, including pain and inflammation.

Trial registration number NCT04132024.

  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • ulcerative colitis
  • crohn's disease
  • psychology
  • psychotherapy

Data availability statement

Data are available on reasonable request.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2021-000805

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    Summary box

    What is already known about this subject?

    • Poor sleep is common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and predicts worse disease course and severity. Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder and the recommended first-line treatment for insomnia is cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). However, CBT-I is untested in IBD, and night-time symptoms could impact intervention uptake or efficacy.

    What are the new findings?

    • CBT-I is feasible, acceptable and preliminarily effective in IBD.

    How might it impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?

    • These findings support the use of CBT-I in IBD, highlight the importance of asking about sleep as part of clinical care, and pave the way for future randomised controlled trials.

    Introduction

    Poor sleep occurs in ~75% of people with active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and prospectively predicts greater likelihood of symptom flares, surgery and/or hospitalisation.1–5 Sleep problems are also uniquely associated with poor quality of life in IBD and people with IBD believe that sleep impacts and/or worsens gastrointestinal symptoms.3 6 7

    Insomnia disorder, or prolonged difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or early morning awakening combined with daytime impairment, is the most common sleep disorder.8 It has a population prevalence of 10%, a fivefold increase in chronic medical and psychiatric conditions, and even higher rates in chronic pain populations.9–14 In IBD, one longitudinal study (N=276) found that at baseline, 58% of people with IBD self-reported clinically significant insomnia symptoms. Insomnia was also the most common sleep problem.15 Another cross-sectional study (N=312) indicated that 50% of people with IBD likely meet criteria for insomnia disorder, with even higher rates in people with active IBD.16

    Chronic insomnia disorder is typically understood from within a diathesis-stress framework, wherein predisposing (eg, delayed circadian rhythms; physiological reactivity), precipitating (eg, IBD flare) and perpetuating factors (eg, increasing time in bed (TIB) to make up for lost sleep) develop and maintain insomnia.17 IBD symptoms may lead to disruptions in sleep (ie, fragmentation), following which people engage in cognitive and behavioural patterns that are meant to compensate for lost sleep, but which instead maintain sleep problems, leading to insomnia.

    Cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the recommended first line treatment for chronic insomnia disorder by the American College of Physicians and the European Sleep Research Society, among others, due to its comparable effectiveness, low side effect profile and improved durability relative to pharmacotherapy.18–21 Gold-standard, multicomponent CBT-I involves 4–8 visits with a trained provider and improves sleep irrespective of medical and psychiatric comorbidities, age and sleep medication use.22–26 Remission rates for insomnia are typically around 60% and remotely delivered CBT-I is as effective as in-person treatment.27 28 However, the sleep disruptions that occur in IBD are unique (eg, night-time awakenings for bowel movements, anxiety about night-time incontinence, abdominal pain) and the feasibility and efficacy of CBT-I in IBD is untested.

    As a preliminary step to understanding sleep in people with IBD, we comprehensively assessed sleep in people with mild-to-moderately active IBD using questionnaires, daily diaries and actigraphy. To explore feasibility and preliminary efficacy of CBT-I in IBD, we conducted a pilot trial of CBT-I in participants who reported significant insomnia symptoms.

    Materials and methods

    Trial design

    In phase I, patients with mild-to-moderate IBD symptoms were recruited for an observational study on sleep in IBD. All participants completed a comprehensive baseline assessment, including questionnaires, a daily diary of sleep and IBD symptoms, and objective assessment of their sleep continuity. Participants who completed this baseline assessment and whose questionnaire scores were indicative of significant insomnia symptoms were invited to participate in phase II, during which they received CBT-I (single-arm trial design). CBT-I was followed by assessment immediately and 1 month later.

    Participants

    Providers affiliated with the Dartmouth-Hitchcock IBD centre referred potentially eligible patients to this study over a 16-month period. IBD centre providers asked patients with mild-to-moderately active Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and no current restless leg syndrome or sleep apnea if they would be interested in receiving information from the research team about a study on sleep in IBD. Charts of interested patients were forwarded to the study team and a team member reached out by phone to provide information on the study design and aims. Interested patients were emailed a link to an electronic consent form.

    Following informed consent, screening questionnaires were given to further determine eligibility. Inclusion criteria were (1) a documented diagnosis of CD or UC and (2) current mild-to-moderate IBD symptoms. To be included in the intervention study (phase II), participants were required to have an Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score >8 and report taking at least 30 min to fall asleep (sleep-onset latency, SOL) or spending at least 30 min awake during the night (wake after sleep onset, WASO). For both study phases, exclusion criteria were (1) a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score >20, (2) a Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) anxiety score >20, (3) current alcohol or substance abuse, (4) current opioid use, (5) an unstable major psychiatric condition (via chart review), (6) probable or likely restless leg syndrome based on the Cambridge-Hopkins RLS questionnaire or (7) high risk for obstructive sleep apnea based on the STOP-Bang questionnaire combined with current symptoms.

    Recruitment took place between October 2019 and January 2021, with a pause from March to April 2020 due to medical centre restrictions on in-person recruitment related to the COVID-19 pandemic. During that pause, we adapted our protocol to COVID-19 guidelines and made our entire study remote. Previously, the baseline visit and consent were performed in-person, although CBT-I was always designed to be delivered via telehealth. Data collection was complete by April 2021.

    Intervention

    A five-session CBT-I intervention was delivered individually via telehealth to enrolled participants over 7 weeks. Intervention also included three brief phone calls designed to make changes to participants’ sleep schedules and problem-solve any issues with adherence. The intervention sessions and phone calls followed a detailed treatment protocol (table 1). The goals of CBT-I are to reduce behaviour and thought patterns that can perpetuate insomnia and improve overall quality of sleep. Importantly, our CBT-I intervention also included specific content about management of chronic pain as it relates to insomnia, which is different from traditional CBT-I. Prior to session 1, participants were given an electronic manual (39 pages) that included handouts to be referenced at each visit. This manual was based on standard guidelines and included content specific to IBD (eg, waking up at night with bowel movements).29 30 Sleep restriction protocol specifics are detailed in online supplemental file. CBT-I sessions lasted ~45 min and phone calls lasted ~10 min. Intervention was delivered by JS-D, clinical psychologist and diplomate in behavioural sleep medicine, or by BCS, a postdoctoral fellow in psychology at Dartmouth-Hitchcock trained and supervised by JS-D.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    CBT-I session content

    Outcomes

    The feasibility of study procedures and the CBT-I intervention was assessed based on: (1) enrolment-to-screening ratio: number of patients enrolled out of the number screened, (2) adherence rate: number of participants who completed CBT-I sessions, (3) retention rate: number of participants who completed the post-CBT-I and follow-up assessments, (4) daily diary completion rate and (5) actigraphy completion rate. Acceptability of CBT-I was based on self-reported treatment acceptability and qualitative data on treatment experiences. Preliminary efficacy was assessed based on pre- to post-treatment change in (1) SOL, (2) WASO, (3) sleep efficiency (SE), (4) ISI, and (5) the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). We also explored the impact of CBT-I on Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS) and IBD disease activity.

    Measures

    Daily diary

    Participants completed an electronic daily diary during both phases of the trial and at the 1-month follow-up assessment. Morning diary items were based on a consensus sleep diary31 32 and measures of SOL, WASO, total sleep time (TST) and TIB were abstracted from the diary. SE was calculated as TST/TIB×100. Mean SOL, WASO, TST and SE were computed for each week. Participants also completed an evening diary containing the PRO-3 and assessment of anxiety, stress and fatigue, rated from 0 (none) to 10 (worst imaginable).

    Actigraphy

    Actigraphs are wrist-worn, medical grade triaxial accelerometers that produce higher quality objective sleep data than commercial trackers.33 Based on standard guidelines,31 participants wore actigraphs (ActiGraph GT9X) on their non-dominant wrist 24 hours/day for seven consecutive days at baseline and post-treatment. Data were autoscored through the CentrePoint programme using the validated Cole-Kripke algorithm.34 Actigraphy data patterns were then systematically examined for validity and extreme sleep period deviations from diary data. Changes were made to the autoscored major sleep period times based on a standardised procedure developed by our lab33; see online supplemental file for details.

    Insomnia Severity Index

    This seven-item questionnaire assesses severity of insomnia disorder symptoms. Items are rated from 0 to 4, scores range from 0 to 28, and scores are interpreted as follows: 8–14=subthreshold insomnia, 15–21=moderate clinical insomnia and 22–28=severe clinical insomnia. Herein, participants who scored >8 on the ISI combined with SOL >30 min and/or spending WASO >30 min were considered part of the insomnia group.35

    Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

    This 10-item questionnaire assesses sleep habits during the past month. Four questions prompt open-ended responses about the time the participant goes to bed, SOL, time out of bed and TST. The remaining items are rated from 0 (not during the past month) to 3 (three or more times a week). Scores range from 0 to 21, with scores >5 indicating poor sleep quality.36

    Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep

    This 16-item questionnaire assesses sleep-related cognitions that may be important for the development and maintenance of insomnia. Items are rated from 0 (strongly disagree) to 10 (strongly agree). Higher scores indicate more dysfunctional beliefs.37

    Disease activity

    Patient-reported outcomes-3 (PRO-3)38 items were used to assess disease activity for both UC and CD. At baseline, participants rated their stool frequency, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and general well-being on average over the past 7 days. Participants also answered these questions in the evening diary about the past 1 day. To keep measurement consistent across CD and UC, we categorised participants as having active or inactive disease at baseline and post-treatment. Participants with UC were classified based on a previously established scoring algorithm.39 For CD, we created standardised rules to identify participants who were not currently in remission (‘active’ disease). Participants with CD who were categorised as active included those who endorsed: (1) at least one more loose stool than normal per day, mild abdominal pain or worse, and feeling slightly under par or worse, (2) at least moderate pain and either one or more loose stools than normal per day or feeling slightly under par or worse, (3) five or more loose stools than normal per day and either mild abdominal pain or worse or feeling slightly under par or worse, (4) severe abdominal pain or (5) feeling generally poor or worse.

    Qualitative assessment

    After the 1-month follow-up assessment, a study investigator conducted a semi-structured phone interview to elicit feedback on participants’ experiences in the trial, including any difficulties with study procedures and/or the intervention. The interview guide also explored participants' views on treating sleep as part of IBD care. Data collected during the interview were recorded through field notes and audio recordings and were analysed using thematic analysis.40 One member of the research team conducted descriptive coding, including reading through field notes, listening to audio recordings and coding responses according to a topic. Codes were then sorted into themes that related to experiences in the trial and views on treating sleep as part of IBD. Themes were generated inductively. A second member of the research team reviewed the coded data and themes to confirm that they were represented in the data and formed a coherent pattern.

    Sample size

    Based on widely cited guidance on the purpose of pilot feasibility studies,41 a sample size of 10 was determined to be sufficient to investigate feasibility and acceptability of CBT-I, to develop protocols for recruitment and retention for a larger randomised controlled trial (RCT), and to investigate preliminary evidence of effectiveness of CBT-I. This sample size is comparable to similar pilot trials, which included 8–13 participants per trial arm.42–44 Feasibility results do not necessarily generalise beyond the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the pilot design.

    Data analytical strategy

    Initial analyses focused on comparisons between participants with and without insomnia in order to better characterise our intervention sample. For participants who proceeded to intervention, feasibility data were reported using descriptive statistics. Other outcome data were examined using paired t-tests and Pearson correlations and alpha was set at p<0.05. Effect sizes (Hedge’s g) were used to examine the magnitude of change from pre- to post-treatment. Hedge’s g was interpreted as >0.2=small, >0.5=medium and >0.8=large.45

    Results

    Fifty-two patients were referred to the study and 27 enrolled. Enrolment pre-COVID was 42.3% and enrolment increased to 61.5% after the study transitioned to operating fully remotely. Of the 27 individuals who were assessed for eligibility for phase I based on questionnaires, 20 proceeded to the full assessment. As is displayed in the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) diagram (figure 1), participants did not proceed to assessment due to not meeting study criteria, being too busy to participate or being unreachable. Of the 20 participants who completed the full assessment, 10 were considered to have significant insomnia symptoms. Participants with insomnia were invited to participate in phase II, CBT-I intervention. Table 2 bdescribes baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for all participants.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) diagram. Proceeding to phase II: CBT-I was based on Insomnia Severity Index score. CBT-I, cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia.

    View this table:
    Table 2

    Participant demographics

    Outcomes

    Phase I: sleep assessment outcomes

    Participants with and without insomnia symptoms were not significantly different based on age, race, IBD type, years since IBD diagnosis, number taking IBD medications, number taking steroids, number taking psychiatric medications (including hypnotics) or self-reported disease activity. However, there were significantly more women in the intervention group compared with the assessment only group (90% vs 20%, respectively); Fisher’s exact test p=0.002. As expected, the intervention group (insomnia) also scored significantly worse across measures of sleep as compared with the participants without insomnia (table 3). Participants with insomnia reported worse sleep continuity via daily diary and questionnaires; only sleep duration did not differ significantly between the two groups (insomnia=7.21 hours/night, no insomnia=7.30 hours/night). As is shown in table 4, actigraphy data showed a similar pattern of results. WASO was significantly greater in participants with insomnia (117.78 vs 59.47 min), while TST and SE were not significantly different.

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Comparisons between participants with and without insomnia symptoms and preliminary evidence of efficacy of CBT-I based on daily diary data and questionnaires

    View this table:
    Table 4

    Comparisons between participants with and without insomnia symptoms and preliminary evidence of efficacy of CBT-I based on actigraphy data

    Phase II: pilot feasibility trial outcomes

    Feasibility

    Of the 10 participants invited to enrol in CBT-I, 100% elected to proceed with intervention, 100% completed all 5 CBT-I sessions and 100% completed all 3 phone calls. Retention through the last CBT-I session was 100% (N=10),and retention through the post-CBT-I assessment and 1-month follow-up assessments was 90% (N=9). Post-CBT-I, 1 participant dropped out due to COVID-19-related housing and job changes. Participants also reported CBT-I to be highly acceptable. Following session 1, the treatment acceptability questionnaire mean=3.78 (SD=0.32), >1.5 SD above the published mean. Sleep diary completion rate was 99.6% during phase I (2 weeks) and 98.8% during phase II (7 weeks). During the 1-week follow-up, we received complete diaries for 8/10 people; those 8 participants evidenced a completion rate of 100%. For the two participants with missing data, one dropped out of the trial after intervention and the other was not asked to complete the diary due to a protocol execution error. Finally, 95% of participants (19/20) completed at least 5 days of actigraphy during the assessment phase and 80% (16/20) completed all 7 days. Data from two participants who completed 7 days of actigraphy were not correctly exported into the CentrePoint data management programme due to a protocol execution error. During the follow-up assessment, 100% (9/9) participants completed at least 5 days of actigraphy and 66.6% (5/9) completed 7 days.

    Preliminary evidence of efficacy

    As is shown in table 3, paired-samples t-tests indicated that participants experienced significant improvement in SOL, WASO and SE over the course of the trial. T-tests revealed large within-subject effect sizes (1.14–1.25). TST did not change statistically significantly (p=0.72), though increased by an average of 18.6 min from baseline to post-CBT-I. Participants also experienced significant decreases in their ISI and PSQI scores, with large effect sizes for improvement (1.85–2.94). All of the significant changes from pre-CBT-I to post-CBT-I remained significant when controlling for multiple comparisons using a Holm-Bonferroni correction. Further, improvements in sleep were maintained 1 month after CBT-I.

    As is shown in table 4, actigraphy data were mostly consistent with the daily diary. Post CBT-I, intervention participants had significantly reduced WASO and significantly improved SE However, they also had significantly reduced TST. Of note, the actigraphy data post CBT-I was comparable to the data from the participants without insomnia.

    Exploratory outcomes

    Similar to other sleep measures, scores on the DBAS improved significantly during CBT-I (g=2.40). Additionally, the percentage of participants reporting active IBD changed significantly over the course of the trial. Pre-CBT-I, 60% of participants reported active disease (compared with 50% of participants without insomnia). Immediately post-CBT-I, none of the intervention participants reported active disease (0%), McNeman’s test p=0.03. At the 1-month follow-up, one of eight participants (12.5%) reported active disease. These changes in disease activity occurred without any changes in IBD medications throughout the trial, aside from one participant who changed from rifaximin to mesalamine.

    Qualitative data

    Nine of 10 participants completed the post-trial phone call and overall, the qualitative data supported the feasibility and acceptability of CBT-I in IBD. Data, codes, and themes were explored by two of the authors, and the two coders were in agreement about the codes and themes. Primarily, all participants shared that they found the intervention worthwhile, felt like the treatment met or exceeded their needs, and reported they would definitely recommend the treatment to a friend. For example, ‘It definitely exceeded what I expected. I remember the first visit, thinking this is never going to work. And I was really surprised at how quickly I was able to make it work and actually see and feel the results.’

    Across interviews, several themes related to the acceptability of the intervention and relevant facilitators emerged. First, participants generally liked the use of telehealth for the intervention, though it should be noted that as much of the study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, during which telehealth has been more common for medical visits. For example, participants stated:

    I think it was fine. I mean, I’m kind of used to it because that’s how we’re doing a lot of things. Having not done it face-to-face I don’t know that I missed out on anything, but I think you still get the same information and experience out of it.

    For me, it was so much easier, and this was the perfect type of visit to do over a computer.

    Participants also appreciated both the structure of the intervention, including the spacing of the visits and the phone calls, and the content, particularly how it specifically related to IBD. Comments about the intervention structure include:

    The spacing of them [the treatment sessions] was good, meeting every other week and the phone calls to check in, it was all really good.

    The study was long, but it made sense that it was long and it was helpful. The session tapering [going from weekly to every other week] and calls in-between were all helpful.

    Comments about the intervention content include:

    To know this was specifically geared toward IBD was just incredibly helpful. Because it’s for IBD, you [the interventionist & study team] know what we’re going through, and that we’re all very different in what we’re going through, and also have some similar experiences.

    My favorite part was our final meeting, where we talked about how life happens, and you might not be able to keep up with this all the time, but here is how you can get back on track when you get off the track. That was so extremely helpful. You understand I’m a human being that has a life.

    Some of them [treatment activities] I still use. Subconsciously you just start thinking about the activities we did do and you use them. I use the relaxation and the setting aside time for worrying.

    Finally, participants indicated that they really appreciated the ongoing access to the study team.

    I knew that the interventionist and research coordinator were available if I had questions all I had to do was send a note and I got a response immediately.

    With regard to treatment barriers, the only clear theme that emerged was difficulty with or dislike of the daily diary. However, participants generally found that while they did not like the daily diaries, they were overall helpful. For example:

    Sometimes remembering to actually log into the tracker was a big one, but it forces you to slow down a little when you’re actually looking at it, because it does make sense to see it.

    I think the actual filling out the charts every day, even though it was a little bit tedious, to be able to go back and look over them, was really helpful. Because it is easy to be like oh, it’s not much different than it was a week ago. But having it be easy, just a click click, made it easier to keep up with.

    Participants were also asked what they thought about treating sleep as part of IBD care and several themes emerged. Primarily, participants indicated that treating sleep was very helpful or important and were overall quite enthusiastic about the intervention. For example: ‘It was extremely relevant,’ ‘I thought it was great,’ and ‘It’s been really helpful for me.’

    While some participants were already aware of the connection between their sleep and IBD symptoms, others indicated that it had never occurred to them that sleep and IBD could be related. A participant who was already aware of the sleep/IBD connection shared:

    I think it completely correlates to potential flare ups because I do feel like my gut is associated with my sleep.

    Examples from participants for whom the sleep/IBD relationship was a novel idea include:

    It was an unexpected avenue to take but one of the best things I have done in a long time,

    I know sleep in general is important, but I don’t think I would have thought of it initially as a treatment to help with IBD, and

    It met a need I didn’t know was a need.

    Finally, the last theme to emerge was that treating insomnia had impacts on health beyond the specific improvements in sleep. Participants indicated:

    Overall I feel better,

    Things are more consistent for me now…I’m more rested so I can cope better. Even on a bad day I can cope. Things are more manageable, and

    By attacking the sleep issue, it started to make a healthy interrelationship between the three issues [sleep, IBD, and mental health] in a really great way. Improvements in all three for sure

    Harms

    No adverse events were reported throughout this trial.

    Discussion

    In this trial, we sought to assess sleep patterns in people with mild-to-moderately active IBD and provide treatment to participants with insomnia symptoms. As expected, during the assessment phase of the trial participants with insomnia evidenced significantly worse sleep than those without insomnia based on actigraphy, daily diary and questionnaires.

    During the intervention phase, we found impressive support for the feasibility of CBT-I in people with IBD. Specifically, despite the burden of completing daily diaries for a total of 9+ weeks, completion rates were very high (>98%). Similarly, 95% of participants completed actigraphy during the assessment phase and 100% completed it postintervention. Postintervention qualitative data also indicated that participants liked the use of telehealth for the study, the intervention structure and content, and the ease of access to the interventionist and study team. Additionally, while many participants were surprised that there was a connection between sleep and IBD, they all believed the intervention was worthwhile. These statements corroborate our low attrition rate—all participants with insomnia symptoms elected to complete CBT-I and all of them completed 5/5 intervention visits. Further, many participants indicated that once they were sleeping better, they began to feel physically and mentally better in other ways. It is also important to note that while we used a low insomnia severity cut-off for inclusion (ISI >8 combined with SOL or WASO>30 min) to ensure recruitment was feasible, all baseline ISI scores in the insomnia groups were 11 or greater, and thus above the threshold for clinical insomnia.46

    Findings also supported the preliminary evidence of efficacy of CBT-I. From preintervention to postintervention, participants who received CBT-I improved significantly in their diary SOL, WASO and SE, and questionnaire based insomnia and sleep quality; these gains were maintained at the 1-month follow-up assessment. The percentage of participants with active disease based on the PRO-3 improved significantly over the course of the intervention, from 60% pre- CBT-I to 0% immediately post and 12.5% (1/8) 1 month later without significant changes in IBD medications.

    Overall, our diary data are consistent with other research on CBT-I outcomes. Recent meta-analyses of the effects of CBT-I in primary and chronic insomnia24 47 demonstrated a 19–20 min decrease in diary SOL, 26–40 min decrease in diary WASO, and 10%–26% increase in diary SE. Our results are also consistent a 2021 meta-analysis of behavioural and psychological treatments for chronic insomnia.28 Actigraphy data were also consistent with the extant literature. We found a significant decrease in WASO and increase in SE; however, participants also experienced a significant decrease in TST. Unfortunately, this decrease in TST is a common consequence of the sleep restriction component of CBT-I,48 which prioritises sleep quality over quantity in the short term. CBT-I studies with longer follow-up periods typically show that TST eventually returns to baseline levels.49

    Additionally, Hashash et al recently examined a brief behavioural treatment for sleep disturbance (BBTS) in adolescents and young adults with IBD.50 Participants who scored >5 on the PSQI participated in a 4-week insomnia-based treatment, following which participants with persistent fatigue were offered bupropion. Similar to our findings, following BBTS participants evidenced improvements in sleep. While our study differs from that by Hashash and colleagues in a number of ways, one important methodological difference is in participant selection. Elevations on the PSQI are reflective of a heterogeneous group of sleep disorders, and thus it is possible that participants who received BBTS had sleep problems other than insomnia, which would not have been as responsive to the intervention. Additionally, a significant and unique strength of our study involves the inclusion of pain-specific content in the CBT-I intervention protocol.

    Limitations and future research

    As this was a small, uncontrolled pilot study, it is impossible to determine whether improvements in insomnia were due to CBT-I, as opposed to other factors such as natural improvement in symptoms or the therapeutic alliance. Further, based on this small, homogeneous sample, it is unknown at present whether our results will generalise to larger samples. As this study has demonstrated feasibility and preliminary evidence of efficacy of CBT-I, a natural and necessary next step would involve efficacy testing within a pilot RCT.51

    An additional limitation was our reliance on PRO-3 of disease activity. While PROs are becoming a standard clinical trial outcome for IBD,52 objective markers of disease activity would provide greater insight into possible impact of CBT-I. Further, poor sleep may be related to elevated faecal calprotectin in people with CD53 and emerging literature in other populations has demonstrated improvements in C-reactive protein following CBT-I.54 55 Thus, future research aimed at assessing the physiological impacts of insomnia treatment would likely contribute significantly to our understanding of disease processes in IBD.

    Finally, this study did not use polysomnography (PSG) or similar testing to physiologically screen for sleep apnea or other sleep disorders. Although these disorders were excluded based on questionnaires, it remains possible that some participants had occult sleep disorders in addition to insomnia. Future studies should include PSG sleep assessment to ascertain whether these potential comorbidities influence CBT-I outcomes in IBD.

    Clinical implications

    As we have demonstrated elsewhere, people with active IBD experience significant IBD-related sleep disruptions (eg, night-time awakenings for bowel movements, pain that interferes with sleep).16 However, our findings indicate that CBT-I can still be effective, with improvements that are similar to other CBT-I trials. Further, qualitative data suggested that many participants were surprised to learn about the association between sleep and IBD and would not have thought that insomnia treatment could impact other areas of functioning. Thus, the onus to ask about sleep problems and suggest treatments may rely on the gastroenterologist or others involved in IBD care. Elsewhere we have suggested questions that providers could ask patients about their sleep and ways to respond to sleep problems that are consistent with a CBT-I model.56 Importantly, these suggestions go beyond the scope of sleep hygiene, which is not effective for addressing chronic insomnia on its own.28 Minimally, providers could ask patients how their sleep is, and if a patient indicates that there are significant problems, refer out for further assessment or treatment. If patients specifically report problems with insomnia, providers could consider referral to a psychologist, behavioural sleep medicine specialist, or evidence-based online programme (eg, Sleepio.com, Somryst).

    Conclusions

    Overall, these preliminary data highlight the potential impact that CBT-I can have in people with IBD. Providers are encouraged to ask their patients about insomnia or other sleep concerns and give evidence-based suggestions and/or specialist referrals. Future research should seek to expand on the current findings, in addition to determining the other ways in which treatment of insomnia can impact IBD symptoms and severity.

    Data availability statement

    Data are available on reasonable request.

    Ethics statements

    Patient consent for publication

    Ethics approval

    This study and procedures were approved by the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health Human Research Protection Programme (IRB; #02000051).

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors All authors included in this paper have contributed to the manuscript. JS-D, MTS, KAA and CS designed the study. JS-D and BCS served as study interventionists and HGH served as study coordinator. JS-D and BCS conducted study analyses and JS-D wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of data, critically reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content, and approved the final version. JS-D is responsible for the overall content as guarantor.

    • Funding Gary Tucker Junior Investigator Research Award (JS-D); Scholarship Enhancement in Academic Medicine Award (JS-D).

    • Competing interests None declared.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.