Gastroenterology

Gastroenterology

Volume 147, Issue 4, October 2014, Pages 903-924
Gastroenterology

AGA Section
Optimizing Adequacy of Bowel Cleansing for Colonoscopy: Recommendations From the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer

https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.002Get rights and content

Section snippets

Search Strategy

Computerized medical literature searches were conducted from January 1980 (first year of approval of polyethylene glycol–electrolyte lavage solution [PEG-ELS]–based preparation by the Food and Drug Administration [FDA]) up to August 2013 using MEDLINE, PubMed EMBASE, Scopus, CENTRAL, and ISI Web of knowledge. We used a highly sensitive search strategy to identify reports of randomized controlled trials9 with a combination of medical subject headings adapted to each database and text words

Effect of Inadequate Preparation on Polyp/Adenoma Detection and Recommended Follow-up Intervals

Recommendations

  • 1.

    Preliminary assessment of preparation quality should be made in the rectosigmoid colon, and if the indication is screening or surveillance and the preparation clearly is inadequate to allow polyp detection greater than 5 mm, the procedure should be either terminated and rescheduled or an attempt should be made at additional bowel cleansing strategies that can be delivered without cancelling the procedure that day (Strong recommendation, low-quality evidence)

  • 2.

    If the colonoscopy is

Dosing and Timing of Colon Cleansing Regimens

Recommendations

  • 1.

    Use of a split-dose bowel cleansing regimen is strongly recommended for elective colonoscopy (Strong recommendation, high-quality evidence)

  • 2.

    A same-day regimen is an acceptable alternative to split dosing, especially for patients undergoing an afternoon examination (Strong recommendation, high-quality evidence)

  • 3.

    The second dose of split preparation ideally should begin 4–6 hours before the time of colonoscopy with completion of the last dose at least 2 hours before the procedure time

Diet During Bowel Cleansing

Recommendation

  • 1.

    By using a split-dose bowel cleansing regimen, diet recommendations can include either low-residue or full liquids until the evening on the day before colonoscopy (Weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence)

Traditionally, patients are instructed to ingest only clear liquids the day before colonoscopy. Recent randomized trials report that a liberalized diet the day before colonoscopy is associated with better tolerance of the preparation and comparable or better bowel cleansing.

Usefulness of Patient Education and Navigators for Optimizing Preparation Results

Recommendations

  • 1.

    Health care professionals should provide both oral and written patient education instructions for all components of the colonoscopy preparation and emphasize the importance of compliance (Strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence)

  • 2.

    The physician performing the colonoscopy should ensure that appropriate support and process measures are in place for patients to achieve adequate colonoscopy preparation quality (Strong recommendation, low-quality evidence)

A patient education

Rating the Quality of Bowel Preparation During Colonoscopy

Recommendations

  • 1.

    Adequacy of bowel preparation should be assessed after all appropriate efforts to clear residual debris have been completed (Strong recommendation, low-quality evidence)

  • 2.

    Measurement of the rate of adequate colon cleansing should be conducted routinely (Strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence)

  • 3.

    Adequate preparation, defined as cleansing that allows a recommendation of a screening or surveillance interval appropriate to the findings of the examination, should be achieved in

FDA-Approved Preparations

Recommendations

  • 1.

    Selection of a bowel-cleansing regimen should take into consideration the patient's medical history, medications, and, when available, the adequacy of bowel preparation reported from prior colonoscopies (Strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence)

  • 2.

    A split-dose regimen of 4 L PEG-ELS provides high-quality bowel cleansing (Strong recommendation, high-quality evidence)

  • 3.

    In healthy nonconstipated individuals, a 4-L PEG-ELS formulation produces a bowel-cleansing quality that is not

OTC Non–FDA-Approved Preparations

Recommendations

  • 1.

    The OTC bowel cleansing agents have variable efficacy that ranges from adequate to superior, depending on the agent, dose, timing of administration, and whether it is used alone or in combination; regardless of the agent, the efficacy and tolerability are enhanced with a split-dose regimen (Strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence)

  • 2.

    Although the OTC purgatives generally are safe, caution is required when using these agents in certain populations; for example,

Adjuncts to Colon Cleansing Before Colonoscopy

Recommendation

  • 1.

    The routine use of adjunctive agents for bowel cleansing before colonoscopy is not recommended (Weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence)

Numerous adjunctive agents, intended to enhance purgation and/or visualization of the mucosa, have been investigated for precolonoscopy cleansing of the mucosa. These have included simethicone, flavored electrolyte solutions (eg, Gatorade), prokinetics, spasmolytics, bisacodyl, senna, olive oil, and probiotics. None consistently have shown

Differences in Patient Preference/Willingness to Repeat Comparisons

Recommendations

  • 1.

    Split-dose bowel cleansing is associated with greater willingness to repeat regimen compared with the day before regimen (Strong recommendation, high-quality evidence)

  • 2.

    The use of low-volume bowel cleansing agents is associated with greater willingness to undergo a repeat colonoscopy (Strong recommendation, high-quality evidence)

Meta-analysis data from 5 randomized blinded trials showed better patient satisfaction and adherence with fewer preparation discontinuations (OR, 0.52; 95%

Selection of Bowel Preparation in Specific Populations

Recommendations

  • 1.

    There is insufficient evidence to recommend specific bowel preparation regimens for elderly persons; however, we recommend that NaP preparations be avoided in this population (Strong recommendation, low-quality evidence)

  • 2.

    There is insufficient evidence to recommend specific bowel preparation regimens for children and adolescents undergoing colonoscopy; however, we recommend that NaP preparations should not be used in children younger than age 12 or in those with risk factors for

Salvage Options for Inadequate Preparation

There is insufficient evidence to recommend a single salvage strategy for those patients encountered with a poor preparation that precludes effective completion of the colonoscopy. The following options can be considered in such cases:

Recommendations

  • 1.

    Large-volume enemas can be attempted for patients who, presenting on the day of colonoscopy, report brown effluent despite compliance with the prescribed colon-cleansing regimen (Weak recommendation, very low quality evidence)

  • 2.

    Through-the-scope enema

Summary

Ineffective bowel cleansing for colonoscopy results in missed precancerous lesions and increased costs related to early repeat procedures. Efficacy and tolerability of bowel preparations are important and related goals, but efficacy is of primary importance because of the substantial consequences of inadequate cleansing. Adequate bowel preparation implies that the colonoscopist will recommend a screening or surveillance interval consistent with the findings of the examination and current

Acknowledgments

The USMSTF members are representatives from the American College of Gastroenterology, the American Gastroenterological Association, and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. This document was approved by the governing bodies of these 3 societies.

This material is the result of work supported, in part, by resources from The Veterans Health Administration. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs.

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      International guidelines recommend the use of high- or low-volume polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based regimens as well as non-PEG-based validated products in a split-dosing fashion [10]. Nevertheless, higher-volume solutions may affect patient compliance and preparation adherence, resulting in a suboptimal cleansing that is still reported in up to one quarter of procedures [11–13]. Recently, a 1-L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbate (PEG-ASC) solution has been introduced to improve patients’ compliance by reducing the volume of the solution to be consumed.

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    Conflicts of interest These authors disclose the following: David Johnson has served as a consultant and clinical investigator for Epigenomics, as a consultant for Given Imaging, and as a clinical investigator for Exact Sciences; A. Barkun has served as a consultant for Olympus, Inc, and Pendopharm, Inc, and has received clinical research support from Boston Scientific and Cook; L. B. Cohen has served as a consultant and on the speaker's bureau and received research support from Salix, and as a consultant for Braintree; T. Kaltenbach has been a research grant recipient and consultant for Olympus America, Inc, D. J. Robertson has served as a consultant for Given Imaging; D. A. Lieberman has served on the scientific advisory boards for Exact Sciences, Given Imaging, and Roche, and as a consultant for MOTUS; and D. K. Rex has received research support and served as a consultant for Braintree Laboratories and Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Given Imaging, and Olympus America Corp, has served as a consultant for Epigenomics and Exact Sciences, and has served on the speaker's bureau for Boston Scientific, Inc. The remaining authors disclose no conflicts.

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