Characteristics of the patients (n=491) included in the validation cohort
| Patient characteristics | Statistical data and measurements |
| Age (year) | 58.1 (SD 10.71) |
| Male | 344 (70.1%) |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 26.67 (SD 6.30) |
| In-hospital mortality | 144 (29.33%) |
| Time to death | 14.6 (SD 11.32) |
| Liver transplantation | 23 (4.68%) |
| Time to transplantation | 9.41 (SD 6.18) |
| Reason for hospitalisation at the ICU | |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 251 (51.12%) |
| Respiratory insufficiency | 161 (32.80%) |
| Circulatory insufficiency | 79 (16.09%) |
| Requirement of organ support | |
| Renal replacement therapy | 161 (32.79%) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 135 (27.49%) |
| Need for vasopressors | 160 (32.59%) |
| Heart rate (/min) | 87.58 (SD 18.85) |
| Blood pressure (sys.) | 109.29 (SD 22.51) |
| Lowest MAP in the first hour | 76.10 (SD 15.92) |
| Respiratory rate (per min) | 18.35 (SD 5.60) |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 353.77 (SD 114.71) |
| Albumin (g/L) | 24.00 (q1 20.00, q3 29.35) |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 4.9 (q1 2.10, q3 12.70) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.58 (q1 0.98, q3 2.65) |
| C reactive protein (mg/L) | 31.10 (q1 12.90, q3 68.30) |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2; CKD-EPI) | 46.00 (q1 24.00, q3 76.00) |
| Highest lactate in the first hour (mmol/L) | 1.89 (q1 1.33, q3 2.89) |
| Na (mmol/L) | 138.00 (q1 133.00, q3 142.00) |
| Platelet count (per nL) | 77.00 (q1 48.00, q3 119.00) |
| Procalcitonin (g/mL) | 0.41 (q1 0.17, q3 1.00) |
| Prothrombin time (%) | 44.00 (q1 34.00, q3 55.00) |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 83.00 (q1 47.00, q3 134.00) |
| Pre-existing TIPS | 135 (27%) |
| CP count | 10.73 (SD 2.01) |
| CP class | |
| Child A | 8 (2%) |
| Child B | 117 (24%) |
| Child C | 366 (74%) |
| MELD score | 25.24 (SD 9.03) |
| ACLF | 295 (60.1%) |
| CLIF-C ACLF | 54.1 (SD 9.40) |
| ACLF grade | 2.1 (SD 0.82) |
| SOFA | 8.61 (SD 4.16) |
| qSOFA | 0.99 (SD 0.81) |
| Septic shock | 79 (16.1%) |
| SAPS II | 28.25 (SD 12.35) |
ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure; BMI, Body Mass Index; CKD-EPI, chronic kidney disease epidemiology; CLIF-C ACLF, CLIF consortium acute-on-chronic liver failure; CP, Child-Pugh; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; ICU, intensive care unit; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; qSOFA, quick SOFA; SAPS, Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.