Table 1

Patient demographics and comorbidities, stratified by the presence or absence of MAFLD

DemographicsAbsence of MAFLD
n (%)
Presence of MAFLD
n (%)
P value
Age category <0.001
 18–447 414 871 (28.9)121 360 (16.0)
 45–647 014 496 (27.3)285 945 (37.8)
 >6511 247 555 (43.8)348 605 (46.1)
Sex <0.001
 Male11 167 501 (43.5)345 810 (45.7)
 Female14 509 421 (56.5)410 100 (54.2)
Race <0.001
 Caucasian16 892 682 (65.8)502 850 (66.5)
 African American4 088 746 (15.9)82 285 (10.9)
 Hispanic3 006 105 (11.7)120 835 (15.9)
 Asian/Pacific Islander734 530 (2.9)20 560 (2.7)
 Native American178 830 (0.7)1935 (0.8)
 Other797 395 (3.0)6080 (2.5)
Primary expected payer <0.001
 Medicare11 965 204 (46.6)388 210 (51.4)
 Medicaid4 837 650 (18.8)112 135 (14.8)
 Private6 895 562 (26.9)200 250 (26.5)
 Uninsured1 084 341 (42.2)30 575 (4.0)
Median household income <0.001
 Lowest quartile7 852 345 (30.6)233 275 (30.9)
 Second quartile6 970 118 (27.1)209 720 (27.7)
 Third quartile5 869 792 (22.9)175 630 (23.2)
 Highest quartile4 984 667 (19.4)137 285 (18.1)
Charlson Comorbidity Index <0.001
 08 884 263 (34.6)13 150 (1.7)
 14 856 220 (18.9)142 715 (18.9)
 23 453 565 (13.4)128 725 (17.0)
 >38 482 874 (33.0)471 320 (62.3)
Underlying comorbidity
 Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease4 769 150 (18.6)208 425 (27.6) <0.001
 Hyperlipidaemia8 400 750 (32.7)298 605 (39.5) <0.001
 Smoking9 359 320 (36.4)266 205 (35.2) <0.001
 Diabetes7 186 560 (27.9)348 225 (46.07) <0.001
 Hypertension14 537 211 (56.6)514 100 (68.0) <0.001
 Obesity4 685 809 (18.2)249 200 (32.9) <0.001
 Obstructive sleep apnoea1 866 635 (7.3)101 180 (13.4) <0.001
 Bacterial gastrointestinal infections231 405 (0.9)11 850 (1.6) <0.001
 Inflammatory bowel disease278 615 (1.0)12 950 (1.7) <0.001
  • Numbers are presented as absolute numbers with percentages.

  • Significant differences between groups highlighted in bold (p<0.05).

  • Income data provide quartile classification of the estimated median household income of residents in the patient’s zip code. The quartiles are identified by values of 1–4, indicating the poorest to wealthiest populations. Because these estimates are updated annually, the value ranges for the income quartile categories vary by year. For the year 2020, the national income quartiles were: (1) $1–49 999, (2) $50 000–64 999, (3) $65 000–85 999, (4) $86 000+.

  • MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.