Patient demographics and comorbidities, stratified by the presence or absence of MAFLD
| Demographics | Absence of MAFLD n (%) | Presence of MAFLD n (%) | P value |
| Age category | <0.001 | ||
| 18–44 | 7 414 871 (28.9) | 121 360 (16.0) | |
| 45–64 | 7 014 496 (27.3) | 285 945 (37.8) | |
| >65 | 11 247 555 (43.8) | 348 605 (46.1) | |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||
| Male | 11 167 501 (43.5) | 345 810 (45.7) | |
| Female | 14 509 421 (56.5) | 410 100 (54.2) | |
| Race | <0.001 | ||
| Caucasian | 16 892 682 (65.8) | 502 850 (66.5) | |
| African American | 4 088 746 (15.9) | 82 285 (10.9) | |
| Hispanic | 3 006 105 (11.7) | 120 835 (15.9) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 734 530 (2.9) | 20 560 (2.7) | |
| Native American | 178 830 (0.7) | 1935 (0.8) | |
| Other | 797 395 (3.0) | 6080 (2.5) | |
| Primary expected payer | <0.001 | ||
| Medicare | 11 965 204 (46.6) | 388 210 (51.4) | |
| Medicaid | 4 837 650 (18.8) | 112 135 (14.8) | |
| Private | 6 895 562 (26.9) | 200 250 (26.5) | |
| Uninsured | 1 084 341 (42.2) | 30 575 (4.0) | |
| Median household income | <0.001 | ||
| Lowest quartile | 7 852 345 (30.6) | 233 275 (30.9) | |
| Second quartile | 6 970 118 (27.1) | 209 720 (27.7) | |
| Third quartile | 5 869 792 (22.9) | 175 630 (23.2) | |
| Highest quartile | 4 984 667 (19.4) | 137 285 (18.1) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | <0.001 | ||
| 0 | 8 884 263 (34.6) | 13 150 (1.7) | |
| 1 | 4 856 220 (18.9) | 142 715 (18.9) | |
| 2 | 3 453 565 (13.4) | 128 725 (17.0) | |
| >3 | 8 482 874 (33.0) | 471 320 (62.3) | |
| Underlying comorbidity | |||
| Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease | 4 769 150 (18.6) | 208 425 (27.6) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 8 400 750 (32.7) | 298 605 (39.5) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 9 359 320 (36.4) | 266 205 (35.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 7 186 560 (27.9) | 348 225 (46.07) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 14 537 211 (56.6) | 514 100 (68.0) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 4 685 809 (18.2) | 249 200 (32.9) | <0.001 |
| Obstructive sleep apnoea | 1 866 635 (7.3) | 101 180 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Bacterial gastrointestinal infections | 231 405 (0.9) | 11 850 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 278 615 (1.0) | 12 950 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Numbers are presented as absolute numbers with percentages.
Significant differences between groups highlighted in bold (p<0.05).
Income data provide quartile classification of the estimated median household income of residents in the patient’s zip code. The quartiles are identified by values of 1–4, indicating the poorest to wealthiest populations. Because these estimates are updated annually, the value ranges for the income quartile categories vary by year. For the year 2020, the national income quartiles were: (1) $1–49 999, (2) $50 000–64 999, (3) $65 000–85 999, (4) $86 000+.
MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.