Mortality among current corticosteroid users: subgroup and sensitivity analyses compared with non-use
| Restrictions | Period | Absolute risk (95% CI) | Rate per 1000 PYRs (95% CI) | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR* (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-use | 7 days | 4.4 (3.8 to 5.1) | 6.46 (5.47 to 7.44) | ||
| 30 days | 8.8 (7.9 to 9.7) | 3.12 (2.78 to 3.45) | |||
| 90 days | 11.9 (10.9 to 12.9) | 1.46 (1.33 to 1.60) | |||
| 1 year | 15.6 (14.4 to 16.8) | 0.51 (0.47 to 0.55) | |||
| Inhaled only | 7 days | 6.2 (2.6 to 14.2) | 9.16 (1.13 to 17.18) | 1.42 (0.58 to 3.45) | 1.55 (0.60 to 3.97) |
| 30 days | 17.3 (10.6 to 27.4) | 6.46 (3.08 to 9.84) | 2.04 (1.20 to 3.49) | 1.85 (1.04 to 3.27) | |
| 90 days | 21.0 (13.6 to 31.6) | 2.83 (1.48 to 4.17) | 1.87 (1.15 to 3.04) | 1.72 (1.03 to 2.89) | |
| 1 year | 22.3 (14.7 to 33.0) | 0.79 (0.43 to 1.16) | 1.54 (0.96 to 2.46) | 1.44 (0.88 to 2.37) | |
| Systemic use only | 7 days | 13.9 (11.0 to 17.5) | 21.30 (16.00 to 26.60) | 3.30 (2.47 to 4.42) | 2.02 (1.44 to 2.82) |
| 30 days | 28.0 (24.1 to 32.5) | 11.53 (9.51 to 13.55) | 3.56 (2.90 to 4.38) | 1.96 (1.55 to 2.48) | |
| 90 days | 36.0 (31.7 to 40.7) | 5.60 (4.73 to 6.47) | 3.52 (2.94 to 4.22) | 1.92 (1.56 to 2.36) | |
| 1 year | 48.0 (43.4 to 52.8) | 2.23 (1.93 to 2.53) | 3.77 (3.22 to 4.42) | 2.04 (1.70 to 2.45) | |
| Systemic use, regardless of other uses | 7 days | 14.2 (11.4 to 17.6) | 21.81 (16.70 to 26.92) | 3.38 (2.56 to 4.47) | 2.10 (1.52 to 2.90) |
| 30 days | 27.9 (24.2 to 32.1) | 11.53 (9.60 to 13.45) | 3.56 (2.92 to 4.35) | 1.96 (1.56 to 2.47) | |
| 90 days | 36.6 (32.5 to 41.0) | 5.71 (4.87 to 6.54) | 3.59 (3.02 to 4.27) | 1.97 (1.62 to 2.41) | |
| 1 year | 47.6 (43.2 to 52.1) | 2.22 (1.93 to 2.50) | 3.75 (3.22 to 4.38) | 2.05 (1.72 to 2.45) | |
| Excluding patients with malignancies | 7 days | 14.3 (11.1 to 18.4) | 21.94 (15.92 to 27.97) | 4.03 (2.91 to 5.59) | 2.22 (1.50 to 3.28) |
| 30 days | 26.3 (22.1 to 31.2) | 10.80 (8.62 to 12.99) | 4.04 (3.18 to 5.13) | 2.00 (1.50 to 2.67) | |
| 90 days | 32.9 (28.3 to 38.0) | 5.00 (4.10 to 5.91) | 3.87 (3.13 to 4.78) | 1.93 (1.50 to 2.48) | |
| 1 year | 42.3 (37.3 to 47.7) | 1.85 (1.55 to 2.15) | 3.93 (3.26 to 4.74) | 2.03 (1.62 to 2.55) | |
| Excluding patients with inflammatory bowel disease | 7 days | 14.3 (11.4 to 17.8) | 21.91 (16.63 to 27.20) | 3.35 (2.52 to 4.46) | 2.03 (1.46 to 2.83) |
| 30 days | 28.1 (24.2 to 32.4) | 11.58 (9.59 to 13.57) | 3.54 (2.89 to 4.34) | 1.89 (1.49 to 2.40) | |
| 90 days | 36.6 (32.4 to 41.2) | 5.72 (4.86 to 6.59) | 3.55 (2.97 to 4.24) | 1.87 (1.52 to 2.29) | |
| 1 year | 48.1 (43.6 to 52.8) | 2.25 (1.95 to 2.54) | 3.76 (3.21 to 4.39) | 1.96 (1.64 to 2.36) | |
| Excluding patients with a previous code for diverticular disease | 7 days | 15.7 (12.4 to 19.7) | 24.47 (18.28 to 30.66) | 3.43 (2.53 to 4.65) | 2.06 (1.45 to 2.93) |
| 30 days | 29.8 (25.5 to 34.6) | 12.57 (10.26 to 14.88) | 3.66 (2.94 to 4.56) | 2.03 (1.58 to 2.63) | |
| 90 days | 38.5 (33.8 to 43.6) | 6.15 (5.16 to 7.15) | 3.67 (3.03 to 4.45) | 2.01 (1.61 to 2.51) | |
| 1 year | 49.3 (44.4 to 54.5) | 2.35 (2.01 to 2.68) | 3.80 (3.20 to 4.51) | 2.07 (1.70 to 2.53) | |
| Excluding patients with rheumatic diseases including mixed connective tissue disease | 7 days | 15.3 (11.8 to 19.6) | 23.73 (17.22 to 30.25) | 3.72 (2.71 to 5.10) | 2.13 (1.51 to 3.01) |
| 30 days | 28.5 (23.9 to 33.6) | 11.87 (9.48 to 14.25) | 3.71 (2.95 to 4.67) | 1.95 (1.52 to 2.51) | |
| 90 days | 37.8 (32.9 to 43.3) | 5.98 (4.93 to 7.02) | 3.79 (3.10 to 4.62) | 1.95 (1.57 to 2.42) | |
| 1 year | 48.4 (43.1 to 54.0) | 2.31 (1.95 to 2.67) | 3.91 (3.28 to 4.67) | 2.06 (1.70 to 2.49) |
*HR adjusted for age, sex, use of cardiovascular medications, hypertension, COPD, liver disease or chronic pancreatitis, alcoholism-related diseases other than those affecting the liver or pancreas, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, malignancies and modified Charlson Comorbidity Index score.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PYR, person year.