Commonly reported complications post-ERCP
| Complication | Incidence (%) | Risk factors |
|---|---|---|
| Pancreatitis18 | 1.6–15.7 | History of post-ERCP pancreatitis, status postpancreatitic sphincterotomy, operator experience, suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction |
| Air embolism1 19 | Unknown | Air insufflation, biliary intervention, trauma |
| Haemorrhage20 | 1.3 | Status postsphincterotomy, coagulopathy, use of anticoagulants <72 h of procedure, concurrent cholangitis |
| Cardiopulmonary (not including embolism)15 21 | 1 | Coronary artery disease risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking history, etc. |
| Infection22 | ≤1 | Stent placement in malignant stricture, jaundice, failed biliary drainage |
| Perforation23 | 0.1–0.6 | Sphincterotomy, Billitroth II anatomy, intramural contrast injection |
ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.