Overall (n=85) | Type of liver failure | P value | ||
Paracetamol (n=67) | Non-paracetamol (n=18) | |||
Age, years | 38.6 (28.3–51.2) | 38.6 (29.5–51.6) | 38.7 (27.3–46.8) | 0.906 |
Male gender, n (%) | 11 (12.9) | 6 (9.0) | 5 (27.8) | 0.050 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.8 (21.6–27.8) | 24.6 (22.2–28.0) | 25.2 (21.3–27.1) | 0.451 |
Severity of illness | ||||
APACHE II | 14.0 (10.0–18.0) | 14.0 (9.5–18.0) | 15.5 (10.0–20.8) | 0.438 |
APACHE III | 61.0 (46.0–80.0) | 59.0 (45.5–78.0) | 63.5 (50.2–81.8) | 0.788 |
ANZROD | 0.09 (0.04–0.26) | 0.09 (0.04–0.26) | 0.09 (0.05–0.22) | 0.974 |
MET call admission, n (%) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (11.1) | 0.112 |
Acute liver failure aetiology, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Paracetamol | 67 (78.8) | 67 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Unknown | 6 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (33.3) | |
Other drugs | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.1) | |
Vascular | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | |
Amanita phalloides | 3 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (16.7) | |
Viral | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.1) | |
Alcohol | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.1) | |
Autoimmune | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | |
NAFLD of pregnancy | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.6) | |
Other | – | – | – | |
ICU source of admission, n (%) | 0.104 | |||
Other hospital | 63 (74.1) | 52 (77.6) | 11 (61.1) | |
ICU from other hospital | 15 (17.6) | 10 (14.9) | 5 (27.8) | |
Emergency department | 4 (4.7) | 4 (6.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Ward | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (11.1) | |
Hospital source of admission, n (%) | 0.425 | |||
Other hospital | 63 (74.1) | 50 (74.6) | 13 (72.2) | |
ICU from other hospital | 13 (15.3) | 8 (11.9) | 5 (27.8) | |
Home | 5 (5.9) | 5 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
Emergency department from other hospital | 3 (3.5) | 3 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
Nursing home | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%) | 56 (65.9) | 45 (67.2) | 11 (61.1) | 0.780 |
1 | 26 (30.6) | 20 (29.9) | 6 (33.3) | 0.968 |
2 | 15 (17.6) | 13 (19.4) | 2 (11.1) | |
3 | 9 (10.6) | 7 (10.4) | 2 (11.1) | |
4 | 6 (7.1) | 5 (7.5) | 1 (5.6) | |
Acute kidney injury at ICU admission, n (%) | 22 (25.9) | 18 (26.9) | 4 (22.2) | 0.772 |
Organ support at ICU admission, n (%) | ||||
Renal replacement therapy | 56 (86.2) | 43 (86.0) | 13 (86.7) | 0.999 |
Mechanical ventilation | 37 (43.5) | 29 (43.3) | 8 (44.4) | 0.999 |
Coexisting disorders, n (%) | ||||
Chronic respiratory disease | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | --- |
Chronic cardiovascular disease | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | --- |
Chronic kidney disease | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | --- |
Immune disease | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.999 |
Immunosuppression | 3 (3.5) | 3 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.999 |
Leukaemia | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | --- |
Vital signs at ICU admission | ||||
Highest temperature, °C | 37.0 (36.5–37.5) | 37.0 (36.5–37.5) | 37.0 (36.5–37.3) | 0.293 |
Highest heart rate, bpm | 115 (100–130) | 112 (101–130) | 117 (101–134) | 0.901 |
Lowest mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 67 (62–75) | 67 (62–75) | 70 (63–78) | 0.401 |
Highest respiratory rate, breaths/min | 22 (18–28) | 22 (16–28) | 21 (18–27) | 0.816 |
Urine output, mL | 1247 (369–1824) | 1070 (323–1650) | 1650 (1102–2150) | 0.061 |
Laboratory tests at ICU admission | ||||
Lowest albumin, g/L | 27 (24–29) | 26 (23–29) | 27 (25–29) | 0.267 |
pH | 7.41 (7.30–7.46) | 7.43 (7.30–7.46) | 7.39 (7.31–7.41) | 0.242 |
PaO2/FiO2 | 424 (293–533) | 414 (300–537) | 443 (221–500) | 0.839 |
PaCO2, mm Hg | 33 (29–37) | 33 (28–37) | 33 (30–39) | 0.546 |
Bilirubin, µmol/L | 81 (50–127) | 81 (50–127) | 85 (50–143) | 0.683 |
Highest creatinine, µmol/L | 132 (75–257) | 129 (76–186) | 182 (69–348.2) | 0.444 |
Lowest glucose, mmol/L | 5.3 (4.6–6.5) | 5.3 (4.7–6.3) | 5.3 (4.2–6.8) | 0.743 |
Lowest haemoglobin, g/L | 102 (87–114) | 102 (87–112) | 103 (86–121) | 0.519 |
Highest white blood cell count, ×109/L | 10.8 (6.7–16.0) | 10.8 (6.6–15.3) | 11.9 (7.1–18.6) | 0.543 |
Lactate, mmol/L | 4.1 (3.2–5.9) | 4.1 (3.4–5.8) | 4.1 (2.9–8.9) | 0.826 |
Lowest platelets, ×109/L | 107 (70–162) | 100 (70–162) | 126 (70–165) | 0.607 |
Urea, mmol/L | 5.4 (3.3–9.9) | 5.0 (3.2–9.9) | 6.3 (4.5–17.0) | 0.202 |
Data are median (IQR) or N (%).
ANZROD, Australian and New Zealand risk of death; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; ICU, intensive care unit; MET, medical emergency team; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.