Risk of severe UGIB in four different subgroups, the Netherlands, in 2013–2014, 2015–2016 and 2017–2018
| Subgroup | Calendar year | No | Total no | Cumulative incidence, event/100 000 inhabitants (95% CI) | Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR (95% CI) |
| A | 2013–2014 | 34 071 | 17 112 982 | 199.09 (196.99 to 201.22) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 2015–2016 | 42 732 | 17 269 164 | 247.45 (245.11 to 249.80) | 1.24 (1.23 to 1.26) | 1.21 (1.20 to 1.23) | |
| 2017–2018 | 45 516 | 17 473 459 | 260.49 (258.11 to 262.89) | 1.31 (1.29 to 1.33) | 1.25 (1.24 to 1.27) | |
| B | 2013–2014 | 23 029 | 13 018 126 | 176.90 (174.63 to 179.20) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 2015–2016 | 29 562 | 13 362 796 | 221.23 (218.72 to 223.76) | 1.25 (1.23 to 1.27) | 1.21 (1.19 to 1.23) | |
| 2017–2018 | 32 503 | 13 737 729 | 236.60 (234.04 to 239.18) | 1.34 (1.32 to 1.36) | 1.26 (1.24 to 1.28) | |
| C | 2013–2014 | 10 837 | 11 678 227 | 92.80 (91.07 to 94.56) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 2015–2016 | 14 062 | 11 935 659 | 117.82 (115.88 to 119.78) | 1.27 (1.24 to 1.30) | 1.24 (1.21 to 1.27) | |
| 2017–2018 | 15 338 | 12 229 473 | 125.42 (123.45 to 127.42) | 1.35 (1.32 to 1.39) | 1.29 (1.26 to 1.32) | |
| D | 2013–2014 | 4217 | 9 354 526 | 45.08 (43.72 to 46.44) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 2015–2016 | 5779 | 9 514 371 | 60.74 (59.17 to 62.31) | 1.35 (1.30 to 1.40) | 1.31 (1.26 to 1.37) | |
| 2017–2018 | 6164 | 9 731 023 | 63.34 (61.76 to 64.92) | 1.41 (1.35 to 1.46) | 1.34 (1.29 to 1.39) |
All medications were identified through prescription reimbursement data, based on their ATC codes. People might have received several medications in a given year, for example, could have used NSAIDs and antithrombotic agents at the same time. Incident cases of severe UGIB were identified based on ICD-10CM codes in the hospital admission and death registry.
Subgroups: (A) total population, (B) restricted to the group of individuals without a prescription for NSAIDs, (C) restricted to the group of individuals who did not receive a prescription for NSAIDs nor antithrombotic agents, (D) restricted to the group of individuals without any medication that is either a risk factor for upper gastrointestinal bleeding or the indication for which the medication is prescribed is one. These are NSAIDs, antithrombotic agents, anticancer medication, systemic corticosteroids, drugs for stomach-acid related disorders, antidepressants, antihypertensives, antidiabetic medication.
Model 1: logistic regression model where incident severe UGIB was entered as a dependant variable and calendar year as independent variable. Model 2: was model 1 corrected for age (categorised), and sex imbalances between the cohorts.
ATC, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th revision; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; UGIB, upper gastrointestinal bleeding.