Table 1

Factors associated with sepsis and/or bacteraemia (overall), and sepsis regardless of bacteraemia, uncomplicated infection without sepsis or documented bacteraemia and bacteraemia without sepsis

	Sepsis and/or bacteraemia (N=3951)			Sepsis regardless of bacteraemia (N=2969)			Bacteraemia without sepsis (N=982)			Uncomplicated infection without sepsis or bacteraemia† (N=6967)
	Adj-OR	(95% CI)		Adj-OR	(95% CI)		Adj-OR	(95% CI)		Adj-OR	(95% CI)
Sex
Male	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref
Female	1.21***	1.13	1.30	1.27***	1.17	1.38	1.03	0.90	1.19	1.93***	1.84	2.03
Age
20–49 years	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref
≥50 years	1.03	0.95	1.11	1.08	0.99	1.18	0.89	0.77	1.03	1.50***	1.40	1.59
Remoteness of residence
Major city	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref
Inner regional	1.12*	1.03	1.22	1.07	0.96	1.18	1.29**	1.08	1.52	0.92**	0.86	0.99
Outer regional	0.98	0.90	1.07	0.95	0.85	1.05	1.07	0.90	1.28	0.93**	0.86	0.99
Remote/very remote	1.31***	1.14	1.51	1.23*	1.04	1.44	1.56**	1.20	2.04	1.13**	1.01	1.27
Q1 most affluent	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref
Q2	0.87*	0.76	0.99	0.85*	0.73	0.99	0.94	0.73	1.22	0.97	0.88	1.07
Q3	1.10	0.97	1.25	1.10	0.96	1.28	1.10	0.85	1.40	1.13**	1.03	1.25
Q4	1.14*	1.01	1.30	1.14	0.99	1.31	1.15	0.91	1.47	1.16**	1.06	1.28
Q5 most disadvantaged	1.19**	1.05	1.33	1.23**	1.08	1.41	1.04	0.82	1.32	1.21***	1.10	1.32
Diabetes	1.87***	1.74	2.01	1.97***	1.82	2.13	1.51***	1.31	1.75	1.97***	1.87	2.08
Alcohol	2.90***	2.71	3.09	2.96***	2.74	3.19	2.53***	2.23	2.87	2.30***	2.18	2.42
Covariates adjusted for the above listed variables
Charlson co-morbidity index
0	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref
1	1.72***	1.54	1.91	1.97***	1.74	2.22	1.11	0.89	1.38	1.67***	1.54	1.82
2	1.08	0.98	1.19	1.28***	1.14	1.43	0.65***	0.53	0.80	0.68***	0.63	0.74
≥3	3.54***	3.19	3.93	4.23***	3.76	4.76	1.82***	1.46	2.27	2.07***	1.90	2.25
Complications of cirrhosis
Hepatorenal syndrome	4.53***	3.85	5.34	4.76***	3.99	5.68	2.82***	1.99	3.99	2.16***	1.82	2.56
Hepatic encephalopathy	4.26***	3.77	4.81	4.69***	4.12	5.35	2.26***	1.73	2.97	2.02***	1.78	2.29
Variceal bleeding	1.45***	1.33	1.57	1.41***	1.28	1.55	1.50***	1.28	1.76	0.96	0.89	1.04
Ascites	1.93***	1.79	2.07	1.90***	1.74	2.06	1.91***	1.65	2.20	1.49***	1.41	1.59
Hepatocellular carcinoma	0.94	0.80	1.10	0.92	0.77	1.10	0.99	0.73	1.34	1.06	0.94	1.18
Infections
Urinary tract infection	6.88***	6.31	7.51	6.97***	6.33	7.68	4.60***	3.86	5.48	†
Bacterial pneumonia/lower respiratory tract infection	6.92***	6.33	7.56	7.42***	6.73	8.18	3.76***	3.12	4.53	†
Aspiration pneumonia	8.77***	7.58	10.15	9.61***	8.24	11.21	3.50***	2.52	4.84	†
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis	8.55***	7.27	10.06	7.78***	6.52	9.29	6.42***	4.83	8.53	†
Cirrhosis aetiology
Chronic hepatitis C	1.32***	1.22	1.43	1.19***	1.08	1.30	1.71***	1.48	1.98	1.16***	1.09	1.24
Chronic hepatitis B	1.76***	1.51	2.04	1.81***	1.53	2.15	1.51*	1.10	2.05	1.35***	1.18	1.53
NAFLD/NASH	1.84***	1.56	2.17	2.02***	1.69	2.41	1.19	0.81	1.77	1.36***	1.20	1.56
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	15.09***	12.24	18.60	13.19***	10.46	16.64	11.52***	8.14	16.32	1.16	0.80	1.68
Admission data
LOS
1 day	0.09***	0.08	0.12	0.08***	0.06	0.11	0.13***	0.09	0.19	0.13***	0.12	0.14
2–4 days	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref
5–9 days	3.00***	2.68	3.34	2.80***	2.46	3.19	3.33***	2.71	4.08	2.04***	1.91	2.19
10–19 days	7.52***	6.75	8.39	7.76***	6.85	8.79	5.67***	4.59	6.99	2.91***	2.70	3.14
20–29 days	12.55***	11.00	14.33	12.45***	10.71	14.46	9.28***	7.22	11.92	4.34***	3.90	4.83
30+ days	19.16***	17.02	21.58	19.40***	16.97	22.18	11.15***	8.87	14.01	5.43***	4.94	5.96

Note: reference group (Ref); adjusted OR (adj-OR).
*To indicate p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†The subgroup of uncomplicated infection without sepsis or documented bacteraemia included urinary tract infection, bacterial pneumonia/lower respiratory tract infection, aspiration pneumonia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
LOS, length of stay; NAFLD/NASH, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.