Demographic and clinical exposures across steatosis grades
| S0 (n=82; 68.4%) | S1 (n=9; 7.5%) | S2 (n=7; 5.8%) | S3 (n=22; 18.3%) | P value * | |
| Sex | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.81 |
| Female | 44 (53.7) | 6 (66.7) | 3 (42.9) | 12 (54.5) | NA |
| Male | 38 (46.3) | 3 (33.3) | 4 (57.1) | 10 (45.5) | NA |
| Parental education | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.019 |
| Lower than college | 7 (8.5) | 3 (33.3) | 0 | 0 | NA |
| College education | 75 (91.5) | 6 (66.7) | 7 (100) | 22 (100) | NA |
| Residency | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.64 |
| Rural | 19 (23.2) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (28.6) | 8 (36.4) | NA |
| Urban | 63 (76.8) | 7 (77.8) | 5 (71.4) | 14 (63.6) | NA |
| Smoker | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.45 |
| Yes | 5 (6.1) | 0 | 1 (14.3) | 3 (13.6) | NA |
| No | 77 (93.9) | 9 (100) | 6 (85.7) | 19 (86.4) | NA |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.1 (19.5–27.2) | 26.1 (23.2–26.6) | 25.6 (19.1–30.7) | 31.8 (27–36.3) | <0.0001 |
| Underweight (<20 kg/m2) | 27 (32.9) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (28.6) | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Normal weight (20 to <25 kg/m2) | 28 (34.2) | 1 (11.1) | 0 | 1 (4.6) | <0.0001 |
| Overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2) | 14 (17.1) | 4 (44.5) | 3 (42.8) | 7 (31.8) | <0.0001 |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 13 (15.8) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (28.6) | 14 (63.6) | <0.0001 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.47 (0.43–0.51) | 0.51 (0.43–0.51) | 0.51 (0.43–0.53) | 0.58 (0.49–0.64) | <0.0001 |
| First-degree history of diabetes | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.39 |
| Yes | 26 (31.7) | 1 (11.1) | 3 (42.9) | 9 (40.9) | NA |
| No | 56 (68.3) | 8 (88.9) | 4 (57.1) | 13 (59.1) | NA |
| Fast food consumption | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.31 |
| Yes | 55 (67.1) | 6 (66.7) | 7 (100) | 14 (63.6) | NA |
| No | 27 (32.9) | 3 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 8 (36.4) | NA |
| Exercise | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.74 |
| Yes | 26 (31.7) | 2 (22.2) | 2 (28.6) | 9 (40.9) | NA |
| No | 56 (68.3) | 7 (77.8) | 5 (71.4) | 13 (59.1) | NA |
| Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 15 (11–21) | 15 (13–15) | 15 (12–24) | 15.5 (13–22) | 0.35 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L | 21 (18–25) | 22 (19–24) | 21 (19–26) | 20.5 (17–23) | 0.29 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 166 (151–182) | 150 (139–173) | 171 (153–188) | 162 (151–179) | 0.86 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 76 (59–94) | 67 (59–89) | 75 (68–92) | 106 (80–151) | 0.002 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 89 (75–105) | 85 (76–93) | 106 (83–116) | 91 (77–104) | 0.67 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 57 (51–64) | 51(47-56) | 49 (46–54) | 50 (41–57) | <0.0001 |
| Plasma glucose, mg/dL | 102 (92–110) | 98 (91–106) | 99 (92–108) | 103 (94–110) | 0.92 |
| Glycated haemoglobin A1c, % | 5.1 (4.9–5.3) | 5 (5–5.1) | 5.1 (5–5.2) | 5.2 (5.1–5.4) | 0.012 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.99 (0.2) | 0.95 (0.2) | 0.95 (0.2) | 0.93 (0.2) | 0.63 |
Data are n (%), median (IQR) for non-normally distributed data or mean (SD) for normally distributed data as determined by Shapiro-Wilk test.
*Pearson’s χ2 test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein; NA, not applicable.