Characteristics | PPI users | PPI non-users | P value | Standardised difference |
N=6738 | N=6738 | |||
Female gender | 1488 (22.1%) | 1430 (21.2%) | 0.23 | −0.021 |
Age, mean (SD) | 64.2 (11.5) | 63.2 (11.1) | <0.001 | −0.092 |
Chinese | 6353 (94.3%) | 6353 (94.3%) | 1.00 | <0.001 |
Tobacco use | 3117 (46.3%) | 3223 (47.8%) | 0.067 | 0.032 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1941 (28.8%) | 2142 (31.8%) | <0.001 | 0.065 |
Hypertension | 3835 (56.9%) | 3987 (59.2%) | 0.008 | 0.046 |
Dyslipidaemia | 3902 (57.9%) | 4078 (60.5%) | 0.002 | 0.053 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 500 (7.4%) | 521 (7.7%) | 0.49 | 0.012 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 122 (1.8%) | 135 (2.0%) | 0.41 | 0.014 |
Previous myocardial infarction | 335 (5.0%) | 477 (7.1%) | <0.001 | 0.089 |
Previous CABG | 44 (0.7%) | 68 (1.0%) | 0.023 | 0.039 |
Congestive heart failure | 312 (4.6%) | 356 (5.3%) | 0.081 | 0.030 |
Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 228 (3.4%) | 230 (3.4%) | 0.92 | 0.002 |
Cirrhosis | 11 (0.2%) | 8 (0.1%) | 0.49 | −0.012 |
Baseline eGFR <50 mL/min/m2 | 570 (8.5%) | 510 (7.6%) | 0.057 | −0.033 |
Baseline anaemia | 2025 (30.1%) | 1760 (26.1%) | <0.001 | −0.088 |
GERD | 56 (0.8%) | 40 (0.6%) | 0.10 | −0.028 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 239 (3.5%) | 175 (2.6%) | 0.001 | −0.055 |
Helicobacter pylori eradication | 214 (3.2%) | 155 (2.3%) | 0.002 | −0.054 |
Acute myocardial infarction | 4997 (74.2%) | 4330 (64.3%) | <0.001 | −0.216 |
Urgent or emergency PCI | 4452 (66.1%) | 3366 (50.0%) | <0.001 | −0.331 |
Year of PCI | <0.001 | −0.6803 | ||
2004–2008 | 358 (5.3%) | 702 (10.4%) | ||
2009–2012 | 1037 (15.4%) | 2554 (37.9%) | ||
2013–2016 | 2336 (34.7%) | 2346 (34.8%) | ||
2016–2017 | 3007 (44.6%) | 1136 (16.9%) |
CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GERD, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; ; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.