Table 3

Self-report Exercise Benefit and Barrier Scale (EBBS) scores

	All patients	Exercise status
	All patients	Inactive	Active	P value
Total EBBS score	122.69±16.46	117.66±15.91	127.95±15.52	0.416*
Combined benefit items score	83.24±13.67	79.61±14.96	87.05±11.13	0.189*
Combined barrier items score	39.44±6.34	38.05±6.06	40.90±6.37	0.744*
Perceived benefit items
Life enhancement subscale
25: My disposition is improved by exercise	2.85±0.66	2.77±0.77	2.93±0.51	0.253*
26: Exercising helps me sleep better at night	2.85±0.69	2.75±0.78	2.95±0.58	0.110*
29: Exercise helps me decrease fatigue	2.62±0.72	2.50±0.79	2.74±0.63	0.290*
32: Exercise improves my self-concept	2.92±0.65	2.77±0.68	3.07±0.60	0.175*
34: Exercising increases my mental alertness	2.90±0.69	2.77±0.74	2.02±0.60	0.302*
35: Exercise allows me to carry out normal activities without becoming tired	2.81±0.64	2.73±0.62	2.90±0.66	0.649*
36: Exercise improves the quality of my work	2.71±0.63	2.64±0.69	2.79±0.56	0.137*
41: Exercise improves overall body function	2.93±0.66	2.86±0.70	3.00±0.62	0.315*
Standardised subscale score	2.82±0.51	2.72±0.55	2.93±0.44	0.653*
Physical performance subscale
7: Exercise increases my muscle strength	3.08±0.72	2.98±0.73	3.19±0.71	0.262*
15: Exercises increases my level of physical fitness	3.12±0.71	3.05±0.71	3.19±0.71	0.696*
17: My muscle tone is improved with exercise	3.06±0.64	2.89±0.69	3.24±0.53	0.035* †
18: Exercising improves functioning of my cardiovascular system	3.06±0.62	2.86±0.67	3.26±0.50	0.020* †
22: Exercise increases my stamina	3.14±0.65	3.02±0.73	3.26±0.54	0.330*
23: Exercise improves my flexibility	3.09±0.71	3.02±0.79	3.17±0.62	0.449*
31: My physical endurance is improved by exercise	3.03±0.66	2.91±0.68	3.17±0.62	0.214*
43: Exercise improves the way my body looks	2.99±0.68	2.93±0.76	3.05±0.58	0.452*
Standardised subscale score	3.07±0.52	2.96±0.57	3.19±0.45	0.795*
Psychological outlook subscale
1: I enjoy exercise	2.80±0.78	2.50±0.85	3.12±0.55	0.001* ‡
2: Exercise decreases feelings of stress and tension for me	2.85±0.78	2.66±0.83	3.03±0.70	0.136*
3: Exercise improves my mental health	2.77±0.75	2.57±0.76	2.98±0.68	0.018* †
8: Exercise gives me a sense of personal accomplishment	2.90±0.85	2.73±0.90	3.07±0.78	0.257*
10: Exercising makes me feel relaxed	2.83±0.69	2.66±0.78	3.00±0.54	0.095*
20: I have improved feelings of well-being from exercise	2.93±0.73	2.80±0.79	3.07±0.64	0.283*
Standardised subscale score	2.84±0.62	2.65±0.69	3.05±0.46	0.024* †
Social interaction subscale
11: Exercising lets me have contact with friends and persons I enjoy	2.49±0.72	2.30±0.73	2.69±0.64	0.032* †
30: Exercising is a good way for me to meet new people	2.70±0.63	2.61±0.65	2.79±0.61	0.200*
38: Exercise is good entertainment for me	2.76±0.77	2.68±0.83	2.83±0.70	0.539*
39: Exercise increases my acceptance by others	2.40±0.74	2.39±0.84	2.40±0.63	0.252*
Standardised subscale score	2.58±0.52	2.49±0.54	2.68±0.49	0.017* †
Preventive health subscale
5: I prevent heart attacks by exercising	2.93±0.70	2.82±0.72	3.05±0.66	0.505*
13: Exercising increases my levels of physical fitness	2.91±0.57	2.77±0.60	3.05±0.49	0.148*
27: I will live longer if I exercise	2.85±0.69	2.68±0.77	3.02±0.56	0.114*
Standardised subscale score	2.90±0.52	2.76±0.55	3.04±0.44	0.339*
Perceived barrier items
Exercise milieu subscale
9: Places for me to exercise are too far away	3.00±0.75	2.91±0.77	3.10±0.73	0.124*
12: I am too embarrassed to exercise	2.99±0.75	2.84±0.86	3.14±0.65	0.215*
14: It costs too much to exercise	2.98±0.74	2.91±0.83	2.05±0.62	0.411*
16: Exercise facilities do not have convenient schedules for me	2.87±0.72	2.84±0.71	2.90±0.73	0.821*
28: I think people in exercise clothes look funny	2.97±0.76	2.86±0.77	3.07±0.75	0.643*
42: There are too few places for me to exercise	2.77±0.78	2.61±0.81	2.93±0.71	0.160*
Standardised subscale score	2.93±0.52	2.83±0.50	3.03±0.53	0.319*
Time expenditure subscale
4: Exercising takes too much of my time	2.86±0.74	2.77±0.80	2.95±0.66	0.226*
24: Exercise takes too much time from family relationships	3.15±0.62	3.09±0.60	3.21±0.65	0.253*
37: Exercise takes too much time from my family responsibilities	3.10±0.63	3.00±0.65	3.21±0.61	0.179^*
Standardised subscale score	3.04±0.52	2.95±0.54	3.13±0.49	0.447*
Physical exertion subscale
6: Exercise tires me out	2.09±0.71	1.98±0.66	2.21±0.75	0.465*
19: I am fatigued by exercise	2.35±0.75	2.30±0.82	2.40±0.66	0.371*
40: Exercise is hard work for me	2.28±0.82	2.18±0.90	2.38±0.73	0.149*
Standardised subscale score	2.24±0.61	2.15±0.64	2.33±0.56	0.248*
Family discouragement subscale
21: My spouse (or significant other) does not encourage exercising	3.03±0.80	2.91±0.80	3.17±0.79	0.491*
33: My family members do not encourage me to exercise	3.00±0.80	2.84±0.86	3.17±0.70	0.214*
Standardised subscale score	3.02±0.69	2.88±0.67	3.17±0.69	0.059*

***Between group difference at p<0.001.
Scores for benefit subscale items are interpreted as higher values=greater benefits; barrier subscale items are interpreted as lower values=greater barriers.
Data presented mean±SD.
*Fisher’s exact test.
†Between group difference at p<0.05.
‡Between group difference at p<0.01.
§Independent t-test.
¶Mann-Whitney U test.