Characteristics of study participants at MESA Exam 5 (n=3179)
| Variable | Non-contrast chest CT scans (MESA Exam 5) | |||
| HH (n=316) | No HH (n=2863) | HH prevalence ratio* (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (years), mean±SD | 73.9±8.2 | 68.8±9.2 | 1.05 (1.04 to 1.06) | <0.001* |
| <50, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| 50–59 | 13/316 (4%) | 522/2863 (18%) | Ref | Ref |
| 60–69 | 79/316 (25%) | 1048/2863 (37%) | 2.88 (1.62 to 5.14) | <0.001* |
| 70–79 | 143/316 (45%) | 876/2863 (31%) | 5.78 (3.31 to 10.1) | <0.001* |
| 80–89 | 78/316 (25%) | 392/2863 (14%) | 6.83 (3.85 to 12.1) | <0.001* |
| >90 | 3/316 (1%) | 25/2863 (1%) | 4.41 (1.33 to 14.6) | 0.02* |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 106/316 (34%) | 1413/2863 (49%) | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 210/316 (66%) | 1450/2863 (51%) | 1.81 (1.45 to 2.27) | <0.001* |
| Race/Ethnicity | <0.001* | |||
| White | 149/316 (47%) | 1084/2863 (38%) | Ref | Ref |
| African-Americans | 81/316 (26%) | 780/2863 (27%) | 0.78 (0.60 to 1.01) | 0.06 |
| Hispanic | 74/316 (23%) | 597/2863 (21%) | 0.91 (0.70 to 1.19) | 0.49 |
| Asian-Americans | 12/316 (4%) | 402/2863 (14%) | 0.24 (0.13 to 0.43) | <0.001* |
| Height (cm) | 162.2±9.7 | 165.8±9.9 | 0.97 (0.96 to 0.98) | <0.001* |
| Weight (lb) | 174.3±34.7 | 172.4±39.1 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.37 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.0±5.5 | 28.3±5.5 | 1.05 (1.03 to 1.06) | <0.001* |
| Circumference (cm) | ||||
| Waist | 103±14.3 | 98.9±14.3 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) | <0.001* |
| Hip | 109.0±12.9 | 105.2±12.0 | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.03) | <0.001* |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 94.7±8.7 | 93.9±8.0 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.10 |
| Central obesity† | 278/316 (88%) | 2380/2858 (83%) | 1.42 (1.03 to 1.97) | 0.03* |
| Body surface area | 1.84±0.20 | 1.85±0.23 | 0.72 (0.47 to 1.09) | 0.12 |
| Education | 0.09 | |||
| <High school | 51/316 (16%) | 386/2859 (13%) | Ref | Ref |
| High school graduate | 65/316 (21%) | 497/2859 (17%) | 0.99 (0.70 to 1.40) | 0.96 |
| Some college | 96/316 (30%) | 819/2859 (29%) | 0.90 (0.65 to 1.24) | 0.51 |
| College graduate | 46/316 (15%) | 542/2859 (19%) | 0.67 (0.46 to 0.98) | 0.04* |
| >Bachelor’s degree | 58/316 (18%) | 615/2859 (21%) | 0.74 (0.52 to 1.05) | 0.10 |
| Cigarette smoking | 0.004* | |||
| Never smoker | 151/315 (48%) | 1297/2861 (45%) | Ref | Ref |
| Former smoker | 147/315 (47%) | 1276/2861 (45%) | 0.99 (0.80 to 1.23) | 0.93 |
| Current smoker | 17/315 (5%) | 288/2861 (10%) | 0.53 (0.33 to 0.87) | 0.01* |
| Pack-years | 24.4±26.5 | 22.2±25.8 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.10 |
| Diabetes | 0.81 | |||
| No diabetes | 188/315 (60%) | 1666/2842 (59%) | Ref | Ref |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 68/315 (21%) | 601/2842 (21%) | 1.00 (0.77 to 1.30) | 0.99 |
| Diabetes | 59/315 (19%) | 575/2842 (20%) | 0.92 (0.69 to 1.21) | 0.55 |
| Self-reported symptoms | ||||
| Emphysema/COPD | 6/314 (2%) | 53/2849 (2%) | 1.02 (0.48 to 2.20) | 0.95 |
| Asthma | 15/315 (5%) | 93/2856 (3%) | 1.42 (0.88 to 2.30) | 0.16 |
| Bronchitis, past 2 weeks | 4/315 (1%) | 37/2850 (1%) | 0.98 (0.38 to 2.50) | 0.97 |
| Medications | ||||
| Proton pump inhibitors | 74/316 (23%) | 344/2863 (12%) | 2.02 (1.59 to 2.57) | <0.001* |
| H2 blockers | 14/316 (4%) | 84/2863 (3%) | 1.46 (0.89 to 2.39) | 0.14 |
| Insulin or oral hypoglycaemics | 48/315 (15%) | 464/2846 (16%) | 0.93 (0.69 to 1.25) | 0.63 |
| Ever been pregnant (women) | 177/201 (88%) | 1235/1425 (87%) | 1.12 (0.75 to 1.67) | 0.59 |
| # of pregnancies | 3.5±1.9 | 3.4±2.1 | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.07) | 0.67 |
| Age at first live birth | 23±4.7 | 24±5.4 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.14 |
*HH prevalence ratio=the prevalence of HH for the group defined by the variable in column 1.
†Central obesity is defined as a waist-to-hip ratio >0.90 for males and >0.85 for females.
BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HH, hiatal hernia; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.