Need for treatment dependant on current smoking status
| Immunomodulator ever exposed | Immunomodulator non-exposed | Anti-TNF ever exposed | Anti-TNF non-exposure | IBD-related surgery | No IBD-related surgery | |
| Never smoker | 122 (56 %) | 96 (44%) | 76 (35%) | 142 (65%) | 55 (25%) | 163 (75%) |
| Current cigarette smoker | 48 (70%) | 21 (30%) | 34 (49%) | 35 (51%) | 30 (43%) | 39 (57%) |
| Compared with never smokers | P=0.049 | P=0.034 | ||||
| Current e-cigarette | 12 (80%) | 3 (20%) | 6 (40%) | 9 (60%) | 6 (40%) | 9 (60%) |
| Compared with never smokers | P=0.10 | P=0.78 | P=0.23 |
IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.