Table 4

Most common factors found to be significantly associated with impaired body image in IBD as reported in each study, including associations between reduced body image and reduced QoL

Factor	Study
Factor	Abdovic 201322	Bel 201523	Beld 201024	Chouliaras 201730	Dunker 199834	Eshuis 200835	Eshuis 2010	Kjaer 2014	Maunder 199954	McDermott 201514	Muller 201058	Ogden 201160	Perrin 200861	Polle 200763	Saha 201565	Scarpa 200967	Trin dade 201771
Female gender		r=−0.18*	Diffe rence in means p=0.08	Diffe rence in means p>0.10	Diffe rence in scores p=0.18	No signif icant asso ciation			Fem ales signif icantly worse scores*	p<0.001*	Diffe rence in propo rtions p=0.0007			Signif icantly worse scores in open surgery group p=0.004*	p<0.0001*
Higher disease/ symptom activity		r=0.38*		No significant association	r=0.5*					p<0.001*		p=0.50	p=0.003*		In UC p=0.006* In CD p=0.003*	Multiple regression β=0.426 p=0.006*	Active disease r=0.18 Symptoms r=0.40*
Fatigue		r=0.55*
Disease subtype				No significant association						p=0.63	Difference in proportions p=0.094		p=0.05		No association found
Age		r=−0.18*			No sign ificant asso ciation					Younger age p<0.001*							r=−0.06
Steroids				No signif icant asso ciation	No signif icant associ ation					p=0.03*		p=0.05*			p=0.02*		r=0.22*
Smoking										p=0.001*
Open/ conventional surgery					Difference in scores p=0.2	Difference in means p=0.51	Difference in median p=0.03*	Difference in median p=0.17						No significant differences		Multiple regression (for laparoscopic approach) β=0.331 p=0.036*
Increased BMI										Women only p<0.001*					No significant association		r=0.25*
Impaired QoL	r=0.52*	r=0.67*	r<0.41		r=0.5*					p<0.001*			r=0.51*		One-unit increase ASWAP score associated with a 0.62 decrease in BDQ (p<0.0001)*		Psychological QoL r=0.56* Physical QoL r=0.50*

With some tools, higher scores indicate better body image/QoL and in others higher scores indicate worse body image/QoL. This may result in both positive and negative correlation coefficients. Where applicable, signs have been flipped for ease of interpretation to clearly show the positive correlation between body image and quality of life.
*Significant association found.
ASWAP, Adapted Satisfaction with Appearance Scale; BIDQ, Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; QoL, quality of life.