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Abstract
Objective Despite clear evidence that weight loss via nutritional and physical activity changes improves histological outcomes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), many patients struggle to implement and maintain these health behaviour changes. The aim of this study was to characterise disease knowledge, attitudes and behaviours among persons with NAFLD and to identify the factors driving these health behaviours and perceptions.
Design We conducted semistructured interviews among patients with NAFLD. We used purposeful sampling to enroll equivalent percentages based on age and sex, and enrolled approximately one-third of patients with cirrhosis to capture those perspectives. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was achieved. Transcripts were coded using NVivo software to identify themes and subthemes.
Results A total of 29 patient interviews were completed. Ambiguity about the diagnosis and aetiology of their liver disease was a key theme, though the vast majority of patients were aware that weight loss via nutrition and exercise was the primary therapy. Most patients were asymptomatic, diagnosed incidentally, and reported low level of concern regarding their diagnosis. The primary barriers and facilitators to health behaviour change were the presence of social support, competing medical comorbidities and low motivation to change behaviours.
Conclusions Although patients are aware that lifestyle interventions are the primary therapy for NAFLD, there is a gap in knowledge about the condition. The presence of social support and competing medical comorbidities were the most consistent facilitators and barriers to lifestyle change. Tailoring treatment recommendations to provide relevant disease education, specific nutrition and exercise regimens, and personalised approaches based on specific individual barriers and facilitators will likely aid in uptake and maintenance of first-line therapy for NAFLD.
- obesity
- nutrition
- cirrhosis
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request. Deidentified data may be requested after publication through the corresponding author.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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Summary box
What is already known about this subject?
Many patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) struggle with implementing and maintaining lifestyle changes. While there has been extensive evaluation of barriers to uptake of lifestyle interventions among patients with obesity in general, investigations of specific patient-related factors impacting treatment for NAFLD have been limited.
What are the new findings?
Although persons with NAFLD are aware that lifestyle interventions are the primary therapy for NAFLD, there is a gap in knowledge about the natural history of condition. The presence of social support and competing medical comorbidities were the most consistent facilitators and barriers to lifestyle change.
How might it impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future?
Tailoring treatment recommendations to provide relevant disease education, specific nutrition and exercise regimens, and personalised approaches based on specific individual barriers and facilitators will likely aid in uptake and maintenance of first-line therapy for NAFLD.
Introduction
Worldwide it is estimated that approximately 13% of all adults are obese and 29% are overweight.1 This increasing prevalence is a reflection of dramatic increases in sedentary behaviour and changes in composition of standard diets comprised of energy dense foods that are high in sugar and fat content.2 In the setting of this pattern of lifestyle changes, metabolic syndrome and associated conditions are on the rise.3 As a direct result, within hepatology non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease.4 Although research is ongoing to develop direct pharmacotherapy to treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), presently the cornerstone of therapy remains lifestyle interventions targeted towards weight loss as this has been associated with improvement in degree of hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis.5 6 In clinical practice, many patients with NAFLD and NASH struggle with implementing and maintaining these lifestyle changes.7 While there has been extensive evaluation of barriers to uptake of lifestyle interventions among patients with obesity in general, there have been comparatively limited investigations of specific patient-related factors impacting treatment for NAFLD. Prior investigations have shown that persons with NAFLD reported a lack of information about their diagnosis, a perception that NAFLD was a relatively benign condition, and a gap in knowledge related to lifestyle modification being the primary treatment for NAFLD.8–11 Cited barriers to exercise include a perceived lack of resources and education, physical discomfort and time constraints.12 Reported barriers to healthy eating patterns among individuals with NAFLD have also included time constraints in addition to life stressors and a demand for convenience.11
Although there have been prior studies investigating barriers to and facilitators of dietary or exercise habits among individuals with NAFLD in isolation, there remain important knowledge gaps that can be addressed by additional comprehensive qualitative studies in this patient population. A qualitative evaluation among a diverse group of patients with NAFLD (accounting for age, sex and cirrhosis status) that investigates persons with NAFLD’s perception of their disease and its treatment, their attitudes and behaviours related to both diet and physical activity, and the impact of their disease on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) would add to our existing knowledge base. These data would provide the groundwork for larger quantitative studies that can then further detail specific educational needs and inform potential interventions that can address gaps in care delivery and management. Improved healthcare models can ultimately improve outcomes for this patient population. The aim of this study was to assess disease perspectives and reported barriers and facilitators to management of their disease using semistructured qualitative interviews among persons with NAFLD.
Methods
Patient population
Adult patients with a diagnosis of NAFLD or NASH (based on liver biopsy results, imaging with documentation of hepatic steatosis, or International Classification of Diseases Ninth/Tenth Revision codes with agreement by one of our managing hepatologists) were eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria included significant alcohol use (>14 drinks/week in men and >7 drinks/week in females) and other coexisting liver disease (ie, viral, alcoholic, autoimmune, genetic, cholestatic, etc). Patients with cirrhosis were eligible for inclusion, but those with decompensated cirrhosis (past or present including: variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy or hepatocellular carcinoma) were excluded. This was a convenience sample, with all patients recruited from our general hepatology clinics during their routinely scheduled clinic appointments as a substudy to our larger survey-based study of 250 patients with NAFLD focused on quantitative analysis of disease knowledge, dietary habits, exercise patterns and HRQOL. We performed purposeful sampling with the aim of recruiting equal percentages of males and females, age (greater than/less than age 50), and one-third of patients with cirrhosis. It is estimated that 30 interviews will be needed in order to reach thematic saturation (as determined by investigator consensus as gold standard in qualitative studies).13 All patients provided written informed consent. Enrollment occurred over 6 months in 2018.
Semistructured interviews
Semistructured interview guides were designed in consultation with the qualitative and mixed methods research core at University of Michigan. Grounded theory was applied in the design of this study. The interview guide and question prompts were designed using existing behavioural science literature on nutrition and exercise and based on a priori hypotheses. Interview guides were pilot tested and edited through an iterative process until the final version was achieved. The interview guide was aimed at characterising several domains: (1) patient’s understanding of their disease and the related prognosis; (2) patient treatment knowledge and perceptions; and (3) patient-reported barriers to and preferences for different treatment options. All participants were informed about the goals of the interviews, namely to learn about their experience with NAFLD and their views on different treatments for NAFLD. Interviews occurred via telephone using the University of Michigan phone network. Interviews were conducted by trained study staff with extensive training and experience in conducting semistructured interviews for qualitative studies (JW). Participants had no prior knowledge or interaction with the interviewer. All interviews were audio recorded with the permission of the participant and subsequently transcribed using a professional transcription company to ensure data quality. Interviews were aimed to last approximately 30 min. In recognition of their time, modest compensation of a $25 gift card was provided after completion of the interview.
Data collection and analysis
Two investigators (JW and MAT) with official training in qualitative research iteratively read transcripts and designed the qualitative codebook including code families and subcodes. This codebook was then applied to individual transcripts with coding iteratively compared between investigators to ensure a consensus on application of finalised codes. After all transcripts were coded, codes were organised into categories of emergent themes based on the data. NVivo software was used to support data management and analysis. The study design and reporting were in accordance with the ‘Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ)’ checklist.14
Results
Patient characteristics
Overall, approximately 70% of eligible patients approached opted to enroll in the study. The primary reasons for declining enrolment were reported time constraints or lack of interest in participating in a qualitative interview on their chronic condition. The overall characteristics of individuals who opted to enroll compared with those who declined participation were similar. A total of 30 patients were enrolled. After completing the interview, one patient was excluded from the analysis as they did not agree with their diagnosis and thus were not able to provide meaningful responses to the question prompts. No repeat or follow-up interviews needed to be conducted. Fourteen patients were <50 years of age and 15 were ≥50. A total of 14 males and 15 females were enrolled. Ten out of the 29 patients had cirrhosis. Among this cohort, the majority met criteria for metabolic syndrome and approximately 40% had a history of diabetes and depression. Other common comorbidities reported included cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis. Among the larger study cohort (n=250), the median BMI of the larger study cohort was 33.9 (IQR 30.3–37.9) and 48% had a history of NASH. The median duration of follow-up in our clinic at time of enrollment was 1.25 years (IQR 0.5–3). Table 1 shows between-group differences in major themes and codes across sex and based on presence of cirrhosis.
Comparison of selected themes and codes by sex and cirrhosis status
Emergent themes and codes
NAFLD disease knowledge and perspectives
Interviewees had varying levels of understanding regarding the cause and natural history of their liver disease. The majority of participants reported ambiguity regarding the cause or contributing factors of their liver disease, with men reporting this issue more frequently than women and patients with cirrhosis consistently reporting a high level of ambiguity about their diagnosis and disease (tables 1 and 2). Participants demonstrated frustration with lack of information and the approach of explaining their diagnosis as one of exclusion. Only 30% of patients identified that obesity or metabolic conditions were related to their NAFLD and a significant proportion expressing that NAFLD had a strong underlying genetic/inherited component. For the vast majority of respondents, the diagnosis of NAFLD was incidentally made based on results of imaging or laboratory work, particularly as a result of having had elevated liver enzymes.
Illustrative quotations by theme
Lifestyle behaviour change and disease management
Overall the majority of respondents expressed clear understanding that weight loss through changes in diet and increased physical activity were key components of the treatment for NAFLD. Of note, several respondents focused on the need to provide more specific recommendations on exactly how to achieve weight loss in terms of specific diets, exercise routines and alternatives like weight loss medications or procedures. Participants focused more on changes they had made in their diet rather than exercise, with many reporting time or physical limitations to changing their level of physical activity. The primary focus on change in diet included removing sugary beverages and increasing the amount of fruits and vegetables in their meals. Approximately half of the respondents noted that they also changed their alcohol intake as part of their treatment plan.
Barriers and aids to treatment
The presence of social support was the primary aid or barrier to implementing lifestyle changes among women, whereas the presence of other medical conditions and low motivation to change behaviours were the primary factors among men. Medical comorbidities were also the predominant factor influencing health behaviours among patients with cirrhosis. Common comorbidities cited that impacted lifestyle behaviours included osteoarthritis or other physical injuries. The remainder of other comorbidities cited to impact behaviour change were heterogeneous across participants. Despite having a good knowledge of primary treatment for NAFLD, only 37% of respondents reported that they were highly motivated to change their health behaviours. In terms of the other main reasons identified as barriers to changing nutrition and physical activity, the impact on HRQOL, time constraints, and competing responsibilities were the key subthemes.
Impact of disease
The reported impact of having a diagnosis of NAFLD was variable among respondents, with a minority reporting a high level of concern including potential future need for liver transplant and/or higher risk of mortality. Just under half of participants reported minimal concern about the diagnosis, even among individuals with cirrhosis. Reasons cited for having a low level of concern included other significant health conditions and the perception that the risk for significant morbidity and mortality related to NAFLD was low. Over half of the patients reported they had no symptoms. Females tended to report associated symptoms, primarily fatigue and abdominal pain.
A conceptual model encompassing the barriers and aids to lifestyle behaviour change is shown in figure 1.
Theoretical model of barriers and aids to lifestyle behaviour change in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). QOL, quality of life.
Discussion
Management of obesity-related conditions is challenging across disciplines and subspecialties given the requirement for long-term lifestyle behaviour change. Although these metabolic conditions share a common pathway of disease pathogenesis, each condition has distinct features in terms of symptomatology and associated morbidity and mortality that likely impact the propensity for lifestyle behaviour change. Identifying the unique aspects of patient disease knowledge, attitudes and behaviours for a specific obesity-related condition can help shape care delivery targeted to the personalised patient needs in that disease. In this study we identified that patients with NAFLD reported a high degree of frustration regarding ambiguity about the nature of their diagnosis, though the majority were aware that weight loss via nutrition and exercise was the primary therapy. Social support was the primary reported barrier or facilitator in health behaviour change, though overall motivation to change and worry about disease progression or impact was low.
A key theme that emerged in our study was frustration and confusion regarding their diagnosis in terms of the aetiology/pathogenesis and the patient education provided about their condition. Participants found the exclusionary nature of their diagnosis unsatisfying. Only a small subset of patients reported a clear connection between presence of metabolic risk factors as contributing factors to NAFLD. This gap in knowledge may be related to the lack of symptoms and incidental nature of the diagnosis reported by the majority of patients. Respondents outlined that elevated liver enzymes and findings on imaging done for other reasons were the primary way they received their diagnosis. Among those with cirrhosis, they reported that their diagnosis was quite surprising given that they were largely asymptomatic and did not have the risk factors that they classically associated with developing cirrhosis. Interestingly, the reported level of concern about their diagnosis was low for most patients, even among those with cirrhosis. This risk perception may be related to reported gap in education provided for their condition, and the sense that other comorbidities were comparatively more important.
In terms of disease management, respondents were aware that weight loss was the primary therapy for NAFLD. Importantly, they reported that provision of more specific recommendations for how to change their diet or increase their physical activity would be very helpful and was in general lacking as part of their care. This is consistent with findings by Stine et al where persons with NAFLD reported a lack of education from their treating provider about physical activity recommendations.12 Overall, patients were more focused on making dietary changes than changes in physical activity, in large part due to reported time constraints and physical limitations that precluded more exercise. Time constraint and physical discomfort were also primary barriers reported among persons with NAFLD who completed an exercise motivation questionnaire.12 Of note, respondents characterised their nutritional changes largely based on removal of unhealthy items (ie, sugar-sweetened beverages, red meat) or addition of healthy foods (vegetables and fruits), rather than following a specific dietary regimen such as a Mediterranean diet. The key facilitator to making healthier food choices was the presence of social support, primarily coming from persons living with the patient. The importance of social support in motivating and sustaining health behaviour change has been highlighted in other studies and represents a key area to incorporate in disease management counseling.9 11 A challenging aspect to tackle is low motivation to change health behaviours in this patient population. Several components appeared to impact the level of motivation, including presence of symptoms, competing comorbidities, and impact of lifestyle changes on HRQOL. A tailored approach to disease management with a focus on the key motivators or barriers to changing lifestyle habits for an individual patient may improve uptake of lifestyle recommendations, though this approach is often not feasible within the context of standard clinic visits.
There are several limitations to note for this study. First, the demographics of the patients seen at our tertiary care academic hospital are fairly homogenous. The majority of our patients are white (approximately 85%), and the average level of formal education is higher than the general population. These characteristics could have impacted the reported level of disease knowledge, as other studies have highlighted a significant gap in disease knowledge in this patient population.8 10 The sociodemographic characteristics of our participants may have also impacted the specific barriers and facilitators to health behaviour change.15 A strength of our study was the purposeful sampling with regard to sex, age and cirrhosis status, which allowed us to capture a broad patient perspective with respect to those factors. As one of the few qualitative studies focused on evaluating patient-reported factors impacting care of NAFLD, our data build on the existing literature that can then help inform larger quantitative studies of the facilitators and barriers of interest.
In conclusion, through this qualitative analysis of patient’s disease knowledge, attitudes and health behaviours related to NAFLD, we have identified several gaps in care that are amenable to targeted interventions. These include provision of concise yet informative patient educational materials as part of standard of care to address ambiguity of diagnosis and inconsistent perceived risk of disease progression reported by our participants. Incorporating more detailed recommendations for specific nutritional changes and exercise regimens may also help facilitate behaviour change. Lastly, attempting to identify specific barriers and facilitators of health behaviour change for an individual patient would likely facilitate incorporation of first-line therapy for NAFLD. Focusing on the patient’s social support and impact of competing comorbidities appear to be key specific factors driving diet and exercise patterns in NAFLD. Through this combination of efforts, we will be better able to align our care delivery with the needs and goals of persons with NAFLD, which in turn can help improve clinical outcomes.
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request. Deidentified data may be requested after publication through the corresponding author.
Ethics statements
Footnotes
Contributors MAT: study design, data collection, data analysis and manuscript preparation. JW: data collection and data analysis. MF: data analysis and manuscript review. ASL: study design and manuscript review.
Funding MAT was supported by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) Clinical Translational and Outcomes Research Award.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.