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Abstract
Objective Severe liver damage is associated with worse outcome in COVID-19. Our aim was to explore the degree of liver damage, liver stiffness (LS) and severity of illness in patients with COVID-19.
Design We investigated 32 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the University Hospital of Innsbruck in a prospective cross-sectional study. We performed laboratory testing, liver and spleen sonography and elastography to measure organ stiffness.
Results 12 patients (38%) showed elevated aminotransferases and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels. LS was positively correlated with elevated aminotransferase levels in patients with COVID-19 compared with those without elevated enzymes. Even mild liver damage raised LS significantly in COVID-19 as it was in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Furthermore, higher LS measurements were significantly associated with illness severity like pneumonia, need for mechanical ventilation, and even death.
Conclusion Transient elastography is a useful and non-invasive tool to assess onset and severity of acute liver injury in patients with COVID-19 patients. Increased LS seems to be predictive for a more severe and complicated course of disease.
- acute hepatitis
- liver
- liver function test
- hepatitis
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Key messages
COVID-19 is a novel pandemic.
Liver injury is common in patients with COVID-19 ranging from 14% to 53%.
Liver stiffness by transient elastography in COVID-19 is associated with acute liver damage.
Liver stiffness by transient elastography in COVID-19 is associated with a more severe and complicated disease course.
Introduction
In December 2019, a series of patients with pneumonia caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported from Wuhan, Hubei province in China.1 Since then, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally with over 4.5 million cases and to date more than 300 000 disease related fatalities. Coronaviruses are a diverse group of large, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses that cause a broad spectrum of diseases, including pneumonitis, hepatitis, nephritis, enteritis and encephalitis in animals, and several of these viruses are significant veterinary pathogens.2 Six coronavirus species have been identified to be pathogenic in humans as well.1 Among them, two coronaviruses have emerged as major global health threats: the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV; in 2002) that spread to 37 countries, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV; in 2012) that reached 27 countries.3 Both, the SARS-CoV and the MERS-CoV, had a low basic reproductive number, whereas SARS-CoV-2 virus has a very high potential for community transmission and causes the current pandemic threat.
The typical symptoms of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as fever, cough, sore throat or dyspnoea, are well recognised and have been widely described.4–8 Additionally, the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms as pathognomonic in COVID-19.9 Little is known about SARS-CoV-2 induced-liver diseases, although abnormalities of liver function indexes are common in patients with COVID-19.6 10–12
Transient elastography (TE) is a widely used non-invasive tool to measure liver stiffness (LS). LS measurements are a sensitive method to detect liver damage, and increased LS values are seen in compromised liver tissue like in chronic and in acute hepatitis.13 We took advantage of TE to investigate LS in a cohort of patients with COVID-19.
Materials and methods
Patients
We prospectively included 32 inpatients at the University Hospital of Innsbruck, Austria, in this study. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by real-time PCR from nasopharyngeal specimens as recommended by the CDC (DeKalb, Georgia).14 A pre-existing chronic liver disease could be excluded in all patients, except in three with either hepatitis C and successful antiviral therapy or signs of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) at examination day (steatosis grade 1). Liver enzymes were reported normal in all patients prior to the actual admission. The median onset of COVID-19 symptoms before admission was 2.8 (±1.7) days. Fever was defined as body temperature ≥37.3°C, and dyspnoea was defined by a respiratory rate ≥20 breaths/min and resting finger oxygen saturation ≤93%.15 The median time on the ward before evaluation of liver integrity was 1.8 (±1.8) days. GI symptoms were recorded right away at hospitalisation, and liver damage was defined by elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST; ≥30 U/L) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; ≥50 U/L). Potential cofounders of elevated transaminases, including creatine kinase (CK; U/L), troponin T (ng/mL) and creatinine (mg/dL), were recorded and analysed. Laboratory tests for this study were done the same day when abdominal ultrasound (US) examination and TE were performed. We enrolled 69 patients with COVID-19 for this study. In two patients, TE of the spleen was not feasible, and patients were therefore excluded. Furthermore, eight patients with a body mass index >28 kg/m2, three patients with untreated arterial hypertension >140/90 mm Hg,16 nine patients with a history of metabolic associated liver disease or alcoholic liver disease, five patients with alcohol intake >20 g/day were excluded. Three patients with chronic viral hepatitis and six patients with a history of antibiotic or antiviral treatment 3 months prior to the study were excluded.17 Current intensive care unit (ICU) patients or patients that were treated at an ICU for what reason ever within the last 3 months were excluded from this study. The exclusion criteria are listed in online supplementary figure 1. The definition of diarrhoea was the passing of loose stools >3 times per day and vomiting was defined by ≥1 per day. Two patients received antibiotics (levofloxacin or piperacillin/tazobactam), one patient a combination of piperacillin/tazobactam and antiviral favipiravir therapy and one patient just favipiravir therapy for COVID-19.
Supplemental material
US, TE and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) of the liver
Two experienced physicians (each >3000 US exams and LS measurements) performed the US examinations with the Philips EPIQ 5 (Philips Corporation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and the LS measurements and CAP with a FibroScan (EchoSens, Paris, France) device.18 19 The target area in the right liver lobe was defined to be 6 cm in depth and excludes major vascular structures. LS is given in kilopascal (kPa), and a value >5 kPa was considered to be elevated and to reflect acute liver damage.20–22 According to current The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) Guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and fibrosis, only procedures with a success rate of at least 60% and an IQR/median ratio of less than 30% were included.20 In our study, the success rate of LS measurement per patient was 93% (range 61%–100%), and the average IQR/median ratio was 18% (range 2%–29%). All patients were in fasting state.
TE of the spleen
Spleen stiffness was assessed using the same methodology as for liver elastography. Although the Fibroscan device is not approved for spleen stiffness measurements, there are several studies published on evaluating and using Fibroscan for spleen stiffness measurements as well.23 24 The quality criteria (IQR/median ratio, success rate and number of successful measurements) used for spleen stiffness were the same as used for LS.
Data analyses
Data are expressed as mean±SD or as median with range and were compared using either the two-sampled Student’s t-test or the Wilcoxon signed ranking test, according to data distribution. Percentages are compared using the χ2 test or the Fisher’s exact test where appropriate. Multivariate linear regression by liver transaminases and LS measurement was performed. The correlation between LS and the extent of inflammation was estimated using the Spearman’s p coefficient. The significance level was set at 0.05, and all p values were two tailed. Statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics V.19.
Results
Medical history and comorbidities
There was no obvious difference regarding the comorbidities and the medical history between patients’ groups with or without acute liver damage on SARS-CoV2 infection (table 1).
Medical history and COVID-19 associated symptoms
Symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection
The group with acute liver damage was compared with the group without liver distress with regard to major clinical symptoms associated with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, COVID-19 patients with liver damage showed significantly more vomiting (p=0.001) and a higher rate of diarrhoea (p=0.02) and more often pulmonary opacities as a sign of COVID-19 pneumonitis (p=0.02) (table 1).
US, TE and biochemical markers in patients with COVID-19
Patients were grouped according to their LS values. Doppler US examination of the portal vein and the hepatic artery was normal in all patients, and none of the patients showed US signs suggestive for liver cirrhosis. CAP was performed to rule out significant hepatic steatosis. The overall CAP was 212.8±69.2 dB/m with no difference between the two groups. Steatosis grade 1 was found in two patients. At the time of enrolment, no patient showed clinical or biochemical features of fulminant hepatitis, and there was no significant difference in spleen size. Patients with acute liver damage had a significantly stiffer liver and elevated aminotransferases and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels. In these patients, the overall ferritin levels almost tripled compared with those without liver damage (table 2).
COVID-19 associated biochemical markers, LS and clinical course
Correlation of AST/ALT, ferritin and LS
LS was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with elevated aminotransferases (p=0.001) (figure 1A). Serum levels of the inflammation marker ferritin were also significantly higher in patients with elevated transferase levels (p<0.05) (figure 1B). To cut it down to the level of AST or ALT, we correlated both with the degree of LS and found a strong and significant correlation between LS and AST (r=0.58; p<0.001) (figure 1C) and ALT (r=0.75; p<0.001) (figure 1D) levels. However, no such correlation was seen with C reactive protein levels (data not shown). No cofounders were associated with LS or elevated transaminases (online supplementary figure 2).
Supplemental material
LS, transaminases and ferritin assessment in patients with COVID-19. LS is given in kPa and was compared with serum transaminases (panel A). Ferritin, as an acute phase protein, is given in µg/L and is compared with serum transaminases (panel B). Panels C and D show the correlation of LS in kPa to transaminases in U/L. ALT, alanine transferase; AST, alanine transferase; LS, liver stiffness.
LS in symptomatic patients with COVID-19
LS was determined in patients suffering from radiologically proven COVID-19 pneumonitis and in those with GI symptoms like vomiting or diarrhoea. Interestingly, LS was increased in patients with pneumonitis compared with those without pulmonary opacities (p<0.05) (figure 2A). This increase in LS was even more pronounced in COVID-19 patients with GI symptoms (p<0.05) (figure 2BC). Spleen stiffness was neither associated with transaminases nor with pneumonitis or GI symptoms (data not shown).
LS, pneumonia and GI symptoms assessment in patients with COVID-19. LS is given in kPa and was compared with pneumonia (panel A). Panels B and C show the correlation of LS in kPa to diarrhoea (panel B) and vomiting (panel C). GI, gastrointestinal; LS, liver stiffness.
LS and clinical course
Most importantly, LS could be correlated with clinical course of illness. COVID-19 patients with LS-proven liver damage had an almost doubled length of stay in the hospital (p<0.001, r=0632) and was more accurate than AST (p<0.01, r=0.258) or ALT (p<0.01, r=0.372) (figure 3). They also needed more often admission to ICU (p=0.007) and even the mortality rate was higher (p=0.001). No differences were seen in this context regarding the onset of symptoms prior to hospitalisation (table 2).
LS, AST and ALT and duration of hospital stay in patients with COVID-19. LS is given in kPa, AST and ALT are given in U/L and hospital stay is given in days. *P˂0.01, **p˂0.001. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; LS, liver stiffness.
Discussion
Elevated liver enzymes have been described in COVID-19 cohorts between 17% and 57% of affected individuals. In our adult patients with COVID-19, 38% presented with increased serum AST/ALT levels as one sign of acute liver damage. Although we investigated liver involvement in Caucasian COVID-19, our data are in agreement with various recent publications and therefore do support the assumption that our cohort is representative for typical patients with COVID-19.1 4 6 9 Although the above-mentioned studies emphasised that liver injury is a common complication of COVID-19, solely laboratory tests were used to ascertain acute liver damage, but no other advanced and accepted method was used to finally prove it. We used LS measurements and the linear correlation between LS and direct markers of acute liver damage (AST, ALT and GGT) supports the suitability of LS measurements to ensure liver involvement in COVID-19.
TE is a well-established clinical method for the rapid and non-invasive assessment of chronic liver diseases.25 Also, in acute hepatitis, it is generally accepted that there is a strong association between LS and disease activity. Fraquelli and coworkers26 showed a stepwise increase of LS going along with the inflammatory activity in a cohort of patients with acute on chronic liver disease, and it mimics activity of biochemical markers in patients with viral hepatitis.27 The relationship of LS and aminotransferase levels and even with the degree of histologically proven liver inflammation was demonstrated convincingly several times.28 29 This and our data encourage us to deem LS measurements proper to uncover liver damage, and therefore, our findings are suggestive to propose that acute liver damage caused by COVID-19 can be detected with non-invasive LS measurements.
A recent study reported that SARS-CoV-2 infection of the liver seems to be crucial for hepatic impairment in patients with COVID-19.30 However, other papers consider the virus-triggered cytokine storm to be the driving force for liver damage in COVID-19.31–33 This concept fits the observation that patients with COVID-19 had worse outcome if they had underlying non alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD)/MAFLD, but liver uptake of the virus was not enhanced in these patients.34 Therefore, the aetiology of liver damage in COVID-19 remains unclear.
Although it is assumed that COVID-19 related liver injury is clinically of little concern, it was reported that liver injury is strongly associated with patients’ outcome.31 35 ICU patients with other underlying diseases had a worse outcome with higher LS levels,36 and therefore, LS might predict outcome in patients with COVID-19. This is in accordance with our findings that patients with more severe disease including pneumonia had elevated LS. Another study compared patients with MAFLD and non-invasive fibrosis scores and found a worse outcome in these patients with COVID-19.37 Even though it is difficult to make a clear statement in a small cohort, LS predicted the clinical course of our patients in terms of length of hospitalisation, the need for ICU treatment and even mortality.
To conclude, LS correlates well with liver inflammation, reflected by increased aminotransferase levels, in patients with COVID-19 and with more severe disease. We encourage non-invasive bedside LS measurements to identify patients at increased risk for a complicated course of disease.
References
Footnotes
Contributors ME and HT designed the project and wrote the paper. CG and HZ verified the analytical methods and analysed the data. CG and FH performed ultrasound diagnostic and transient elastography. GW, GF, SS, SW and RB-W contributed to patient recruitment. All authors provided critical feedback and contributed to data analysis and manuscript preparation.
Funding The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article: this work is supported by the excellence initiative VASCage (Centre for Promoting Vascular Health in the Ageing Community), an R&D K-Centre (COMET program – Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies) funded by the Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology, the Austrian Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the federal states Tyrol, Salzburg and Vienna. TEA was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): FP33070-B.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics commission with an amendment to AN2017-0016 369/4.21 and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.