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Adherence to Screening for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Patients with Cirrhosis or Chronic Hepatitis B in a Community Setting

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Abstract

Background

Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been shown to improve survival via earlier cancer detection. Although HCC screening is considered standard of care in the USA, little is known of the adherence to this practice, especially in a community setting.

Aims

Our primary goal was to evaluate adherence to HCC screening and to find predictors of screening adherence in a community setting. Our secondary objective was to determine the impact of screening on survival.

Methods

We studied a cohort of 557 consecutive patients at high risk for HCC: patients with cirrhosis and older chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients without cirrhosis (≥45 years old). Patients initiated screening 1/2001–1/2005 and were monitored ≥12 months to 12/2008 in two community gastroenterology clinics in Northern California. HCC screening was categorized into four groups based on combined frequency of serum alpha-fetoprotein and imaging: optimal, suboptimal, poor, and no screening.

Results

About 40.6% of our cohort received poor or no screening. Noncirrhotic CHB patients had worse screening than cirrhotic patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with a greater number of clinical visits per year were 3.4 times more likely to have regular screening than patients with fewer clinical visits per year (P < 0.001). There was a trend for association between HCC screening and greater access to curative treatment.

Conclusion

Since more frequent clinic visits is a strong independent predictor of improved screening adherence, regular routine clinic visits may help improve adherence to HCC screening, which may also lead to improved clinical outcomes.

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Abbreviations

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

CHB:

Chronic hepatitis B

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

AFP:

Alpha-fetoprotein

US:

Ultrasound

AASLD:

American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

HMO:

Health maintenance organization

PPO:

Preferred provider organization

WBC:

White blood count

HCT:

Hematocrit

PLT:

Platelet count

INR:

International normalized ratio

CR:

Creatinine

TB:

Total bilirubin

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

ALK:

Alkaline phosphatase

CT:

Computed tomography

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pacific Health Foundation, San Jose, CA, USA

    Carrie R. Wong, Ruel T. Garcia, Huy N. Trinh, Khoa D. Lam & Nghi B. Ha

  2. San Jose Gastroenterology, San Jose, CA, USA

    Ruel T. Garcia, Huy N. Trinh, Huy A. Nguyen, Khanh K. Nguyen & Brian S. Levitt

  3. University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Khoa D. Lam

  4. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, 750 Welch Road, Suite 210, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA

    Mindie H. Nguyen

Authors
  1. Carrie R. Wong
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  2. Ruel T. Garcia
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  3. Huy N. Trinh
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  4. Khoa D. Lam
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  5. Nghi B. Ha
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  6. Huy A. Nguyen
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  7. Khanh K. Nguyen
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  8. Brian S. Levitt
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  9. Mindie H. Nguyen
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mindie H. Nguyen.

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Wong, C.R., Garcia, R.T., Trinh, H.N. et al. Adherence to Screening for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Patients with Cirrhosis or Chronic Hepatitis B in a Community Setting. Dig Dis Sci 54, 2712–2721 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-009-1015-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-009-1015-x

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