Serum iron, folic acid, vitamins, EMA IgA, TTGA and cytokine levels at baseline and after GFD in patients with concomitant NAFLD and coeliac disease versus patients with coeliac disease control group
| Parameter | Concomitant NAFLD and coeliac disease n=182 | P value between baseline and post-GFD levels | Coeliac disease control group n=50 | P value between baseline and post-GFD levels | p value between patients with concomitant coeliac disease and NAFLD versus patients with coeliac disease alone | ||
| Baseline | After GFD | Baseline | After GFD | ||||
| Serum iron (µg/dL); (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 63.816±31.948 (59.922 to 67.71) | 97.419±48.571 (91.499 to 103.339) | <0.0001** | 59.486±19.64 (53.90352 to 65.068) | 101.317±37.468 (90.669 to 111.965) | <0.0001** | Baseline: 0.3558 After GFD: 0.5914 |
| Folic acid (ng/mL); (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 2.817±2.014 (2.572 to 3.062) | 5.082±3.749 (4.6255 to 5.539) | <0.0001** | 3.219±1.651 (2.7498 to 3.688) | 4.948±3.758 (3.879 to 6.016) | 0.0037** | Baseline: 0.0491 After GFD: 0.8171 |
| 1,25-Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (ng/mL); (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 21.725±7.196 (20.848 to 22.602) | 32.873±9.274 (31.743 to 34.003) | <0.0001** | 20.868±6.265 (19.088 to 22.648) | 34.057±8.763 (31.567 to 36.547) | <0.0001** | Baseline: 0.4321 After GFD: 0.4049 |
| Vitamin B12 (pg/mL); (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 268.283±164.831 (248.192 to 288.374) | 406.618±194.586 (382.901 to 430.335) | <0.0001** | 235.664±198.569 (179.23134 to 292.097) | 397.756±269.027 (321.299 to 474.213) | 0.0009** | Baseline: 0.2165 After GFD: 0.7829 |
| TTGA (U/mL) (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 410.629±140.931 (393.452 to 427.807) | 113.726±49.594 (107.68118 to 119.77082) | <0.0001** | 438.152±200.281 (381.233 to 495.071) | 99.395±33.170 (89.968 to 108.82181) | <0.0001** | Baseline: 0.241 After GFD: 0.0509 |
| IL-1 (pg/mL); (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 728.0154±212.625 (699.399 to 748.968) | 195.286±103.715 (182.66896 to 207.90304) | <0.0001** | 775.0962±161.67787 (767.718 to 861.0518) | 215.004±95.004 (188.00417 to 242.00383) | <0.0001** | Baseline: 0 .139 After GFD: 0.2131 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 552.4791±191.130 (479.818 to 543.437) | 115.027±124.570 (99.84365 to 130.21035) | <0.0001** | 612.8123±193.63434 (557.7820503 to 667.8425497) | 98.618±87.736 (73.68371 to 123.55229) | <0.0001** | Baseline:0. 042 After GFD: 0.3744 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 229.163±31.701 (225.29909 to 233.02691) | 199.429±31.578 (195.58008 to 203.27792) | <0.0001** | 239.429±41.772 (234.241 to 258.251) | 187.6482±34.862 (177.740533 to 197.555867) | 0.0123 | Baseline: 0.011 After GFD: 0.0180 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 109.0846±56.767 (102.165 to 116.004) | 107.104±84.213 (96.83961 to 117.36839) | 0.7528 | 122.4574±62.516 (104.690556 to 140.2242) | 116.625±83.280 (92.95709 to 140.29291) | 0.6939 | Baseline: 0.134 After GFD: 0.4640 |
| IL-15 (pg/mL) (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 388.1054±202.695 (284.188 to 303.458) | 87.392±39.481 (82.579 to 92.204) | <0.0001** | 419.7824±240.104 (363.399 to 412.811) | 98.27±55.241 (82.57069 to 113.9693) | <0.0001** | Baseline:0. 327 After GFD: 0.0973 |
| IL-17 (pg/mL) (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 420.6127±189.19547 (397.5524076 to 443.6729924) | 171.725±94.104 (160.25503 to 183.19497) | <0.0001** | 440.3236±274.07684 (362.4312535 to 518.2147465) | 154.293±98.328 (126.34850 to 182.23750) | <0.0001** | Baseline: 0.534 After GFD: 0.3673 |
| TGF-β (pg/mL) (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 519.5356±137.25651 (502.8053434 to 536.2646566) | 482.265±117.975 (67.88549 to 496.64451) | 0.0009 | 114.4371±65.74532 (95.752585 to 133.121615) | 112.208±82.094 (94.87715 to 135.53885) | 0.8812 | Baseline:<0.0001** After GFD:<0.0001** |
| YKL-40 (ng/mL) (mean±SD) (95% CI) | 256.0656±58.73954 (248.9060683 to 263.2251317) | 271.319±35.815 (266.95365 to 275.68435) | 0.0004 ** | 58.73954±21.309 (52.683 to 64.795) | 45.482±69.284 (25.79171 to 65.17229) | 0.1989 | Baseline:<0.0001** After GFD:<0.0001** |
Values are means±SD.
*Significant.
**Highly significant.
EMA IgA, endomysial antibodies IgA; GFD, gluten-free diet; IL, interleukin; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-alpha; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta; TTGA, tissue transglutaminase antibody; YKL-40: chitinase-3-like-1 human cartilage glycoprotein-39.