Relationship of demographic and anthropometric characteristics, laboratory biomarkers and histological features and presence of MetS among adults with NAFLD*
| Has metabolic syndrome vs no metabolic syndrome | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic or histological feature | OR | 95% CI | p Value† |
| Clinical | |||
| Ever smoked (vs never smoked) | 0.52 | (0.31 to 0.87) | 0.01 |
| BMI: obese vs (overweight or normal) | 3.26 | (1.92 to 5.47) | <0.001 |
| Histological features | |||
| Steatosis grade: | 0.06 | ||
| 1: Mild (<33%) | 1.00 | ||
| 2: Moderate (≥33%) | 0.94 | (0.52 to 1.69) | 0.83 |
| 3: Severe (≥66%) | 2.99 | (1.02 to 3.90) | 0.045 |
| Lobular inflammation: | |||
| ≥2 under 20× mag (vs <2) | 0.65 | (0.37 to 1.13) | 0.13 |
| NASH diagnosis: | 0.04‡ | ||
| 0: NAFLD, not NASH | 1.00 | ||
| 1A,B: Possible/borderline‡ | 1.81 | (0.82 to 3.99) | 0.14 |
| 2: Definite | 2.41 | (1.23 to 4.71) | 0.01 |
| RES iron grade: mild or more (vs none) | 0.61 | (0.36 to 1.06) | 0.08 |
N=314; goodness of fit: Hosmer-Lemeshow χ2 (df=8)=6.84, p=0.55.
*The candidate set included 19 characteristics included in tables 1–3; specifically, demographic characteristics (sex, age (18–39, 40–59, 60 years or older), race/ethnicity), anthropometric (obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2)), clinical (prediabetes, ever smoked), laboratory markers (HOMA-IR, ALT, AST, GGT, serum iron), histological features (steatosis grade, lobular inflammation, portal inflammation, ballooning, advanced fibrosis, steatohepatitis diagnosis, HC iron grade, RES iron grade). The characteristics used to define the components of MetS were excluded: waist, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, glucose.
†ORs, 95% CIs, and p were determined from multiple logistic regression analyses of having MetS using the characteristics in the model's candidate set listed above. The final model presented was the model selected having the minimum AIC among all of the possible subsets of characteristics. Only patients with complete data for all characteristics selected for the final models were included.
‡p Value for trend=0.02.
AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; HC, hepatocellular; HDL, high-density lopoprotein; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; RES, reticuloendothelial system.