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Abstract
Introduction and aims The role of capsule endoscopy (CE) in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) has yet to be established; however, it is likely that it will remain a valuable diagnostic modality in several groups of patients with LC. The primary aims of the current prospective interventional study are to examine the prevalence for small bowel lesions and transit time of CE in the gastrointestinal tract in patients with LC with oesophageal varices (EVs) requiring endoscopic therapies.
Methods and analysis The current study will be a single-centre prospective interventional study. Our study participants are LC subjects with portal hypertension who were determined to be necessary for prophylactic endoscopic therapies for EVs. From the view point of safety, patients with gastrointestinal obstruction or fistula or those being suspected of having gastrointestinal obstruction or fistula will be excluded from our study. Patients with implanted medical devices will be also excluded. CE will be performed prior to prophylactic endoscopic therapies in the same hospitalisation and relevant images will be analysed after 8 hours by expert endoscopists. This study will continue to recruit until 50 participants.
Ethics and dissemination This study has received approval from the Institutional Review Board at Hyogo College of Medicine (approval no. 2680). The study protocol, informed assent form and other submitted files were reviewed and acknowledged. Final data will be publicly scattered regardless of the study results. A report releasing study results will be submitted for publication in a suitable journal after being finished in data collection.
Trial registration number UMIN000028433 (https://upload.umin.ac.jp/).
- liver cirrhosis
- oesophageal Varices
- small bowel enteroscopy
- small intestine
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Introduction
Portal hypertension (PH) is a frequent manifestation in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC), and PH is associated with various pathological changes in the entire gastrointestinal tract.1–4 PH-related changes in the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and colon are well described in the previous reports.1 4–7 In Japan, endoscopic therapies are central for the management of oesophageal varices (EVs), which is regarded as a major complication of LC.8–10 The standard endoscopic therapies for EVs in Japan are endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) and endoscopic band ligation (EBL).1 11 12
Portal hypertensive gastroenteropathy (PHG) remains difficult to diagnose in patients with LC, with PH and limited diagnostic choices exist for the investigation of the small bowel in patients with LC.13 Capsule endoscopy (CE) is currently available as a minimally invasive imaging procedure which contributes significantly to the identification of small bowel abnormalities.14–16 CE revolutionised the evaluation for patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding because it allows reliable and non-invasive visibility of the mucosal surface in small bowels. Since 2001, CE has evolved into helpful diagnostic technology integrated in daily clinical practice.14–16 On the other hand, with the progression of LC, the peristaltic movement of the gastrointestinal tract is expected to decrease due to PHG, which may lead to the delay in excretion of capsule endoscopy.5 17–19 Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) has been utilised to characterise PHG and is valuable for the diagnosis of this condition in patients with LC who continue to bleed despite endoscopic treatment for EVs. The role of SBCE in PHG has yet to be established; however, it is likely that it will remain a valuable diagnostic modality in several groups of patients with LC.11–13 In addition, the sensitivity of CE is not currently sufficient to replace oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) as a first exploration for patients with LC; however, given its high accuracy, it may have a certain role in patients with LC with refusal or contraindication for EGD.20–24
Considering these backgrounds, in the current prospective interventional study, we will primarily aim to examine the prevalence for small bowel lesions and transit time of CE in the gastrointestinal tract in patients with LC with EVs requiring endoscopic therapies.
Patient eligibility criteria
The inclusion criteria for this study are as follows:
Gender is not limited.
Patients aged 18 years or more.
Patients with PH who were determined to be necessary for prophylactic endoscopic therapies for EVs such as EIS and EBL.
Patients will be excluded if they meet one or more of the following criteria.
Patients aged less than 18 years.
Patients with gastrointestinal obstruction or fistula or those being suspected of having gastrointestinal obstruction or fistula.
Patients with gastrointestinal stenosis in whom CE will be remained in the same place.
Patients with cardiac pacemakers or other implanted medical devices.
Patients with dysphagia.
Patients in whom consents for removal of remained CE are unable to be obtained.
Patients who are unable to receive open surgery.
Patients who were judged to be inappropriate for the study subjects.
Study protocol
Study design: single-arm and open-label trial.
Our study participants are LC subjects with PH who were determined to be necessary for prophylactic endoscopic therapies for EVs. LC will be mainly determined by radiological findings such as CT and ultrasound (deformity of the liver surface, the presence of ascites, atrophy of the right lobe and/or compensatory swelling of the left lobe) and/or pathological findings. The current study will be a single-centre prospective interventional study. We will prospectively register appropriate candidates.
Capsule endoscopy
The CE is disposable and is naturally discharged at the time of defaecation. CE will be performed with a video capsule endoscopy device (PillCam SB2 plus capsule; Given Imaging, Tokyo, Japan) prior to prophylactic endoscopic therapies for EVs. CE and prophylactic endoscopic therapies of EVs for each participant will be performed in the same hospitalisation. Study participants will swallow the capsule in a sitting position with a solution of dimethicone after an overnight fast, without any other preparation.25–27 After 2 hours from swallowing of the capsule, participants will be allowed to drink clear liquids. After 4 hours from swallowing of the capsule, participants will be allowed to eat a light meal. After 8 hours, the sensor array and recording device will be removed and images will be analysed. Two expert endoscopists will make diagnoses after reaching an agreement with each other (figure 1).
Study design.
Primary endpoints
Prevalence for small bowel lesions (small bowel lesions will be defined as follows: (a) vascular lesion or (b) ulcerative lesion). Tumour lesion will not be included for small bowel lesions in this study.
Transit time of CE in the gastrointestinal tract (oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and small bowel).
Secondary endpoints
Detection rate by capsule endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal lesions (upper gastrointestinal lesions will be defined as upper gastrointestinal varices or mucosal lesions whose presence was confirmed by EGD).
Prophylactic endoscopic therapies for EVs
Our protocol for prophylactic therapies for EVs is as reported previously.28 Briefly, in our department, for patients with EVs positive for red colour signs or F2 or more EVs (medium or large varices), prophylactic endoscopic therapies will be in general considered. In patients with LC with Child-Pugh A, EIS monotherapy or EIS and EBL combination therapy will be selected, while in patients with Child-Pugh B or C such as cases with severe ascites or hyperbilirubinaemia, EBL monotherapy will be chosen. Follow-up endoscopy after prophylactic endoscopic therapies will be considered after 1–3 months, and when eradication of EVs is incomplete, supplementary therapies will be carried out.28
Expected risk for study participants
CE not being ejected outside the body within 2 weeks after initiation of the procedure indicates the stay of CE in the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence of this complication is reported to be 0.5%–2% in previous studies.19 29–31 When bowel obstruction-related clinical symptoms (vomiting or abdominal pain) occur and they will not be cured by conservative therapies, removal of capsule by small bowel endoscopy or open surgery is probably needed. This risk will be informed to each participant prior to study enrollment.
Case registration period
From July 2017 to March 2020 (there may be a change depending on registration status).
Data collection
A research assistant will collect data elements from patient medical records, including:
Baseline data:
gender, date of birth and age;
height and body weight;
vital signs;
degree of drinking and smoking;
cause for underlying liver diseases;
previous treatments such as open surgery;
comorbid conditions;
baseline laboratory tests;
presence or absence of ascites on radiologic findings; and
presence or absence of abdominal symptoms.
Statistical methods
Descriptive statistics
Data will be transferred to JMP V.13 software (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA) and all data will be checked to ensure their consistency. Quantitative variables will be compared by unpaired t-test. Categorical variables will be compared using Pearson χ2 test or Fisher’s exact tests as appropriate.
Sample size
This study will not stipulate a sample size by statistical power calculations. However, considering that approximately 80 LC subjects will annually consult our department, the current study will continue to recruit until 50 participants.
Discussion
Gastroenteropathy is a lesser recognised complication in patients with PH and consists of different changes in the mucosa of the small bowel which result in the appearance of vascular and inflammatory abnormalities.32 It can be a key factor for the development of anaemia in patients with LC, and recently an easy and non-invasive diagnosis is able to be made by CE. However, it is rarely considered for the management of patients with PH.32–34 Additionally, delay of transit time of CE in the gastrointestinal tract will be expected due to PHG-related decrease in the peristaltic movement.5 17–19 Thus, there will be urgent need for clarifying these issues. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first prospective interventional Japanese study to investigate the diagnostic usefulness of CE for gastrointestinal lesions in patients with LC with EVs requiring endoscopic therapies. From the view point of safety, CE and prophylactic endoscopic therapies for each participant will be performed in the same hospitalisation in this protocol.
One study drawback is that the current study will be based on a Japanese population, and additional investigations on different ethnic populations are required to further verify the efficacy of CE and extrapolate to races other than Japanese. Another drawback is that this study is not a randomised trial. However, if the effectiveness of CE in patients with LC is confirmed in this trial, useful information will be provided for clinicians.
Ethics and dissemination
Research ethics acknowledgement
This study has received acknowledgement from the Institutional Review Board at Hyogo College of Medicine (approval no. 2680). The study protocol, informed assent form and other submitted files were carefully reviewed and acknowledged. Trial registration number is UMIN000028433 (https://upload.umin.ac.jp/).
Confidentiality
On recruitment, the study assistant will give a unique scrambled identification number to each participant. Only the identification number will be used to identify participants. Data sheets and any printout of electronic files will be saved in a locked filing cabinet in a secure office in the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan, with limited access.
Dissemination policy
Final data will be publicly scattered regardless of the study results. A report releasing study results will be submitted for publication in a suitable journal after completion of data collection.
References
Footnotes
Funding The current research will receive no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit organisations.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent Obtained.
Ethics approval Institutional Review Board at Hyogo college of medicine (approval no. 2680).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.